Contents; Preface ; CHAPTER 1 Introduction: Why Care About Research Methods? ; The Process of Social Research; Four Social Media Studies; An Experiment; A Survey; A Field Research Study; An Analysis of Existing Data; BOX; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 1.1: Critical Evaluation of Facebook Studies; CHAPTER 2 Science and Social Research: From Theory to Data and Back ; The Characteristics and Process of Science; Theory; Verifiable Data; Systematic Observation and Analysis; Logical Reasoning; Logics of Inquiry; Does Contact Change Stereotypes? An Answer from Deductive Inquiry; How Does Class Matter? An Answer from Inductive Inquiry; Combining the Logics of Inquiry; From a Psychological Theory of Suicide to a Sociological One; Evaluating Science: Possibilities, Cautions, and Limits; Tentative Knowledge; The Ideal and Reality of the Scientific Process; The Sociohistorical Aspect of Science; The Human Element of Science; BOXES; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 2.1: Verify This!; CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING 2.2: Identifying and Analyzing Deductive and Inductive Reasoning; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 2.3: A Replication or Reproducibility Crisis in Social Science?; CHAPTER 3 The Ethics and Politics of Research: Doing What’s Right ; Overview: Ethics; Ethical Issues in the Treatment of Research Participants; Potential Harm; Informed Consent; Deception; Invasion of Privacy; Federal and Professional Ethical Guidelines; Evaluating Potential Harm; Informed Consent Procedures; Deception Ground Rules; Privacy Protection: Anonymity and Confidentiality; The Process of Ethical Decision-Making; Review Federal Regulations and Professional Ethics Codes; Assess Costs and Benefits of Proposed Research; Identify and Address Areas of Ethical Concern; Prepare and Submit Application for IRB Approval; Collect Data and Secure Participants’ Rights; Politics and Social Research; Topic Selection, Political Ideology, and Research Funding; Data Analysis and Interpretation and Political Ideology; Dissemination of Research Findings: Science, Politics, and Public Policy; The Intersection of Ethics and Politics in Social Research; A Case Study: Research on Same-Sex Parenting; Conflict of Interest; Social Responsibility; BOXES; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 3.1: Privacy Invasion in the Public Identification of Participants; CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING 3.2: Ethics Practice Questions; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 3.3: Principles and Recommendations for Ethical Data Collection and Analysis; CHAPTER 4 Research Designs: It Depends on the Question ; Initial Steps in the Research Process; Select Research Topic; Review the Literature/Consider Theory; Formulate Research Question; Prepare Research Design; Designing Research to Answer Quantitative Questions; Select a Research Strategy; Identify and Select Units of Analysis; Measure Variables; Gather Data and Analyze the Relationships Among Variables; Designing Research to Answer Qualitative Questions; Select Research Strategy; Select Field Setting, Social Group, and/or Archival Records; Gain Access and Establish Relationships; Decide Whom to Observe or Interview or What to Read; Gather and Analyze Data; BOXES; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 4.1: How to Search the Literature; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 4.2: The Ecological Fallacy; CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING 4.3: Quantitative Research Questions, Units of Analysis, and Variables; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 4.4: How to Interpret Correlations and Tests of Statistical Significance; CHAPTER 5 Measurement: Linking Theory to Research ; Overview: The Measurement Process; Conceptualization and Operationalization; Conceptualization; Operationalization; Variations in Operational Definitions: Data Sources; Manipulated Versus Measured Operations; Sources of Measured Operational Definitions; Variations in Operational Definitions: Levels of Measurement; Nominal Measurement; Ordinal Measurement; Interval Measurement; Ratio Measurement; Select and Apply Operational Definitions to Produce Data; Assess the Quality of Operational Definitions; Forms of Reliability Assessment; Forms of Validity Assessment; The Feedback Loop: From Data Back to Concepts and Measurement; BOXES; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 5.1: Improving Measurement with Composite Measures; CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING 5.2: Inferring Level of Measurement from Operational Definitions; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 5.3: Indexes, Scales, and Scaling Techniques; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 5.4: Measurement Error and the Social Desirability Effect; CHAPTER 6 Sampling: Case Selection as a Basis for Inference ; Overview: The Sampling Process; Principles of Probability Sampling; Probability and Random Selection; Probability Distribution and Sampling Error; Sampling Distributions; Statistical Inference; Steps in Probability Sampling; Define Target Population; Construct Sampling Frame; Devise Sampling Design; Determine Sample Size; Draw Sample; Nonprobability Sampling; Overview of Nonprobability Sampling; Steps in Nonprobability Sampling; Making Inferences from Nonprobability Samples; BOXES; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 6.1: How to Select Things Randomly; CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING 6.2: The Principles of Probability Sampling as Applied to the 2020 Pre-election Polls; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 6.3: Assessing Nonresponse Bias and; Overall Sample Quality; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 6.4: Methodological Issues Related to Sampling via Crowdsourcing and Online Panels; CHAPTER 7 Experiments: What Causes What? ; Introductory Example: Misconduct in Criminal Prosecution; The Logic of Experimentation; Variations on the Experimental Method; Variations in Experimental Design; Variations in Experimental Context; The Process of Conducting Experiments; Pretesting; Participant Recruitment and Informed Consent; Introduction to the Experiment; Experimental Manipulation and Random Assignment; Manipulation Checks; Measurement of the Dependent Variable; Debriefing; Strengths and Weaknesses of Experiments; Internal Validity; External Validity; Reactive Measurement Effects; Content Restrictions; BOXES; CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING 7.1: The Difference Between Random Sampling and Random Assignment; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 7.2: Informed Consent Form for an Experiment; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 7.3: Thinking Critically About Research Designs and Threats to Internal Validity; CHAPTER 8 Surveys: Questioning and Sampling ; Introductory Example: The Constructing the Family Survey; General Features of Survey Research; Large-Scale Probability Sampling; Structured Interviews or Questionnaires; Quantitative Data Analysis; Variations in Survey Designs and Modes; Survey Research Designs; Data-Collection Modes; The Process of Planning and Conducting a Survey; Choose Mode of Data Collection; Construct and Pretest Questionnaire; Choose Sampling Frame/Design and Select Sample; Recruit Sample and Collect Data; Code and Edit Data; Strengths and Weaknesses of Surveys; Generalization to Populations; Versatility; Efficiency; Establishing Causal Relationships; Measurement Issues; BOXES; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 8.1: Open-Ended Versus Closed-Ended Questions in Survey Research; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 8.2: Writing Survey Questions; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 8.3: Informed Consent Statement in the Constructing the Family Survey; CHAPTER 9 Field Research and In-Depth Interviews: Systematic People-Watching and Listening ; Introductory Field Research Example: Mexican New York; Introductory In-Depth Interview Example: Mexican Americans Across Generations; General Features of Qualitative Research; Observation; Interviews; Supplementary Archival and Other Data; Nonprobability Sampling; Qualitative Data Analysis; Reflexivity; Variations in Qualitative Research Methods; Degrees of Participation and Observation; Overt Versus Covert Observation; Interview Structure; Individual Versus Group Interviews; Technological Developments Crosscutting Observations and Interviews; The Process of Conducting Field Research; Select Setting/Group; Gain Access; Establish Roles and Relationships; Decide What to Observe/Whom to Interview; Gather and Analyze Data; Leave the Field; Write the Report; The Process of Conducting In-Depth Interviews; Select and Recruit Interviewees; Develop Interview Guide; Gather Data; Analyze Data; Strengths and Limitations of Qualitative Research; Naturalistic Approach; Subjective and Contextual Understanding; Flexible Research Design; Generalizability; Reliability and Validity; Efficiency; BOXES; CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING 9.1: The Nacirema and Reflexivity; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 9.2: Getting an Insider’s View of Students by Passing as One; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 9.3: Preparing for an In-Depth Interview; CHAPTER 10 Existing Data Analysis: Using Data from Secondhand Sources ; Sources and Examples of Existing Data; Public Documents and Official Records; Private Documents; Mass Media; Physical, Nonverbal Evidence; Social Science Data Archives; Analysis of Existing Statistical Data; Existing Statistics Example: The Impact of MTV’s 16 and Pregnant on Teen Childbearing; The Process of Analyzing Existing Statistics; Content Analysis; Content Analysis Example: Journalistic Accounts of the Iraq War; The Process of Content Analysis; Comparative Historical Analysis; An Example of Comparative Historical Analysis: The Emergence of Mass Imprisonment; The Process of Comparative Historical Analysis; Strengths and Limitations of Existing Data Analysis; Studying Social Structure, History, and Social Change; Nonreactive Measurement; Cost Efficiency; Data Limitations; BOXES; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 10.1: The Big Data Revolution; CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING 10.2: Identifying Units of Analysis; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 10.3: Analyzing the Content of Cell Phone Use; CHAPTER 11 Multiple Methods: Two or More Approaches Are Better Than One ; A Comparison of Four Basic Approaches to Social Research; Examples of Mixed Methods Research; Effect of Abuse on Marriage and Cohabitation; What Employers Say Versus What They Do; Explaining Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market; Unpredictability and Unequal Control of Work Schedules and Time; Purposes of Mixed Methods Research; Triangulation; Complementarity; Development; Expansion; Mixed-Methods Research Designs; Sequential Designs; Concurrent Designs; Component Designs; Integrated Designs; BOX; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 11.1: Limitations and Guidelines for Doing Mixed Methods Research; CHAPTER 12 Quantitative Data Analysis: Using Statistics for Description and Inference ; Introductory Example of Survey Data Analysis: Drinking and Grades; Introductory Overview: The Process of Quantitative Analysis; Prepare Data for Computerized Analysis: Data Processing; Coding; Editing; Entering the Data; Cleaning; Inspect and Modify Data; Nominal- and Ordinal-Scale Variables; Interval- and Ratio-Scale Variables; Carry Out Preliminary Hypothesis Testing; Nominal- and Ordinal-Scale Variables; Interval- and Ratio-Scale Variables; Conduct Multivariate Testing; Elaboration of Contingency Tables; Multiple Regression; BOXES; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 12.1: Codebook Documentation; CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING 12.2: The Meaning of Statistical Significance and Strength of Association; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 12.3: The Impact of Statistical Assumptions in Quantitative Data Analysis; CHAPTER 13 Qualitative Data Analysis: Searching for Meaning ; Introductory Example: Homelessness in Austin, Texas; Overview: A Process of Analyzing Qualitative Data; Prepare Data; Transform the Data to Readable Text; Check for and Resolve Errors; Manage the Data; Identify Concepts, Patterns, and Relationships; Coding; Memo-Writing; Data Displays; Draw and Evaluate Conclusions; Variations in Qualitative Data Analysis; Grounded Theory Methods; Narrative Analysis; Conversation Analysis; BOXES; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 13.1: Coding Textual Data; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 13.2: From Displays Back to Data; CHAPTER 14 Reading and Writing in Social Research: It’s All About Communication ; Read, Take Notes, and Write Research Proposal; Locate Relevant Research Literature; Read and Evaluate Prior Research; Formulate Research Question; Design Research and Prepare Proposal; Write Research Report; Outline and Prepare to Write; Write First Draft; Revision and Other Writing Considerations; BOXES; READING SOCIAL RESEARCH 14.1: Questions to Ask in Evaluating a Research Report; DOING SOCIAL RESEARCH 14.2: ASA Guidelines for In-Text Citations and References; Glossary; References; Credits; Index

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