图书简介
Facing the Enemy is a GIS-based examination of the relationship between Roman fortifications occupied during the Flavian period (AD 77-86/90), and their Scottish landscape setting. It undertakes spatial analysis of the positioning, orientation, intervisibility and interconnectivity of the early legionary fortresses, forts, fortlets, camps and towers. The study combines mapping data, remote sensing technologies, along with archaeological evidence in an extensive GIS database, and takes a systematic approach to analysing the landscapes surrounding the fortifications.The work demonstrates that Flavian fortifications were almost always located in positions which enabled the military to control movement through the landscape, with coastal sites frequently guarding access to river networks and fortifications further upstream. The study concludes that the military strategy in Flavian Scotland was not to block all movement through the landscape as such a strategy would have been impossible in such a varied setting, but rather to control the main corridors of movement, and by extension, exert control and authority over the indigenous population.
List of figuresList of tablesEditorial NoteAbbreviationsAbstract1. Introduction1.1. Aims and Objectives1.2. Method and Approach1.3. Research Limitations and Implications1.4. Summary2. Romans and Scottish Landscapes2.1. An Early Frontier Zone?2.2. Historical Background2.3. Interpretation Influences2.3.1. Tacitus2.3.2. Richard of Cirencester2.4. Native and Roman Interaction2.5. Roman Military Infrastructure2.5.1. Other Structures2.5.2. Legionary Fortress2.5.3. Camps2.5.4. Forts2.5.5. Fortlets2.5.6. Towers2.5.7. Coastal Sites2.5.8. Road Networks2.5.9. Coastal and River Networks2.6. Interpretation Challenges2.6.1. Fortification Sequencing2.6.2. Fortification Dating2.7. Natural Environment2.7.1. Water2.8. Summary3. Data and Methods3.1. Data Collection and Sources3.1.1. Roman Literary Texts3.1.2. Legacy and Site Data3.1.3. Mapping Data3.2. Analytical Methods3.2.1. Positioning: Defensive and Elevation3.2.2. Intervisbility: Viewpoints, Binary Viewsheds and Lines-Of-Sight3.2.3. Orientation3.2.4. Interconnectivity4. Location and Positioning4.1. Classical Texts: Positioning4.2. Positioning: Spatial Analysis4.3. Analysis: Defensive Topography4.4. Analysis: Site Elevation4.5. Analysis: Binary Viewsheds4.6. Summary5. Intervisibility5.1. Roman Signalling5.2. Analysis: Line-Of-Sight (Signalling)5.2.1. Towers on the Gask Ridge5.2.2. Towers in Southern Scotland5.3. Summary6. Orientation6.1. Classical Texts: Orientation6.2. Orientation: Recent Studies6.3. Analysis: Fortification Orientation6.4. Analysis: Directions that Fortifications Face6.5. Summary7. Interconnectivity7.1. Road Networks7.2. River Networks7.3. Classical Texts: Waterways7.4. The Antiquarian Account7.5. Analysis: Fortifications and Roads7.6. Analysis: Coastal and River Networks7.7. Analysis: River Crossings7.8. Scotland’s River Networks7.8.1. River Tweed7.8.2. Firth of Forth7.8.3. Firth of Tay7.8.4. Northeast and Moray Firth7.8.5. Firth of Clyde7.8.6. Southwest and Solway Firth7.9. Summary8. Discussion8.1. Roman Control of Scottish Landscapes8.2. Role of ‘Temporary Encampments’8.3. Intervisibility And Signalling: Testing a Methodology8.4. Profiling Fortification Sites8.5. Roman Military Strategies in Scotland8.6. Profiling Fortifications Beyond Flavian Scotland8.7. Research Opportunities8.7.1. Fortifications Dating and Sequencing8.7.2. The Indigenous Population8.7.3. Signalling8.7.4. Road Network8.7.5. Water Levels9. ConclusionBibliographyAppendix One: Flavian SitesAppendix Two: Site DataIndex of Main Sites
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