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Preface; CHAPTER 1 Critical Thinking, Facts, and Feelings; WHY IT MATTERS; Critical Thinking Skills Test; CLAIMS AND REASONS; REASONS AND ARGUMENTS; ARGUMENTS IN THE ROUGH; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 2 Obstacles to Critical Thinking; PSYCHOLOGICAL OBSTACLES; Is It Wrong to Believe without Good Reasons?; Self-Centered Thinking; Group-Centered Thinking; Implicit Bias; Resisting Contrary Evidence; Left-Wing Right-Wing Bias; Looking for Confirming Evidence; Preferring Available Evidence; Motivated Reasoning; Homophily; Mere Exposure Effect; Illusion-of-Truth Effect; False Consensus Effect; THE DUNNING-KRUGER EFFECT; The Internet versus Critical Thinking; PHILOSOPHICAL OBSTACLES; Subjective Relativism; Social Relativism; Skepticism; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 3 Identifying and Evaluating Arguments; ARGUMENT BASICS; No Arguments, Just Fluff; JUDGING ARGUMENTS; UNCOVERING IMPLIED PREMISES; The Smart Way to Argue Online; ASSESSING LONG ARGUMENTS; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 4 Deductive Argument Patterns; COMMON FORMS; Modus Ponens; Modus Tollens; Hypothetical Syllogism; Disjunctive Syllogism; Invalid Argument Forms; Valid and Invalid Argument Forms; REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 5 Inductive Arguments and Statistics; ENUMERATIVE INDUCTION; Sample Size; Representativeness; Mean, Median, and Mode; OPINION POLLS; How Survey Questions Go Wrong; ANALOGICAL INDUCTION; Relevant Similarities; Relevant Dissimilarities; The Number of Instances Compared; Diversity Among Cases; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 6 Evidence and Experts; EXPERTS AND NONEXPERTS; Fact and Opinion; JUDGING EXPERTS; Hierarchy of Reliability; EXPERTS AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; I Just Know!; Impairment; Expectation; Eyewitness Testimony and Wrongful Convictions; INNUMERACY AND PROBABILITY; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 7 Fake News; TAXONOMY OF MISINFORMATION; A Fake News Masterpiece; TELLING FAKE FROM REAL; Read Laterally; The Ethics of Sharing Fake News; Read Critically; Use Google and Wikipedia Carefully; Check Your Own Biases; Trustworthy Fact-Checkers; FAKE IMAGES; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 8 Advertising: Commercial and Political; HOW ADVERTISING WORKS; INTERNET ADVERTISING; OLD SCHOOL ADVERTISING TRICKS; POLITICAL ADVERTISING; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 9 Causal Arguments; TESTING FOR CAUSES; Agreement or Difference; Both Agreement and Difference; Correlation; CAUSAL CONFUSIONS; Misidentifying Relevant Factors; Mishandling Multiple Factors; Coincidence, Birth Dates, and US Presidents; Being Misled by Coincidence; Confusing Cause with Temporal Order; Confusing Cause and Effect; The Deadly Post Hoc Fallacy; NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 10 Inference to the Best Explanation; EXPLANATIONS AND INFERENCE; Darwin and the Best Explanation; THEORIES AND CONSISTENCY; THEORIES AND CRITERIA; Testability; Fruitfulness; Scope; Simplicity; Conservatism; TELLING GOOD THEORIES FROM BAD; A Doomed Flight; An Amazing Cure; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 11 Judging Scientific Theories; WHAT SCIENCE IS AND IS NOT; THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD; TESTING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES; Nonintervention (Population) Studies; JUDGING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES; Copernicus Versus Ptolemy; Climate Change; Is It Too Late to Prevent Climate Change?; If the World Is Warming, Why Are Winters and Summers Still Very cold??; SCIENCE AND WEIRD THEORIES; MAKING WEIRD MISTAKES; Leaping to the Weirdest Theory; Mixing What Seems with What Is; Misunderstanding the Possibilities; JUDGING WEIRD THEORIES; Crop Circles; Eyewitness Testimony and Extraordinary Things; Talking with the Dead; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 12 Fallacies and Persuaders; FALLACIES: IRRELEVANT PREMISES; Genetic Fallacy; Composition; Division; Appeal to the Person; How to Respond to Ad Hominem Attacks; Equivocation; Appeal to Popularity; Appeal to Tradition; Appeal to Ignorance; Can You Prove a Negative?; Appeal to Emotion; Red Herring; Straw Man; Two Wrongs Make a Right; FALLACIES: UNACCEPTABLE PREMISES X; Begging the Question; False Dilemma; Decision-Point Fallacy; Slippery Slope; Hasty Generalization; PERSUADERS: RHETORICAL MOVES; Innuendo; Euphemisms and Dysphemisms; Stereotyping; Ridicule; Rhetorical Definitions; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; CHAPTER 13 Critical Thinking and Extremism; PARTISAN BLINDNESS; Whose Pants Are on Fire?; Political Bias and Consistency; CONSPIRACY THEORIES; Challenging Conspiracy Thinking; Key Words; Exercises; Self-Assessment Quiz; Writing Assignments; Appendix A: Answers to Exercises; Appendix B: Answers to Self-Assessment Quizzes; Appendix C: Answers to Critical Thinking Skills Test; Notes; Glossary; Credits; Index

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