图书简介
We are bombarded with statistical data each and every day, and healthcare professionals are no exception. All sectors of healthcare rely on data provided by insurance companies, consultants, research firms, and government to help them make a host of decisions regarding the delivery of medical services. But while these health professionals rely on data, do they really make the best use of the information? Not if they fail to understand whether the assumptions behind the formulas generating the numbers make sense. Not if they don’t understand that the world of healthcare is flooded with inaccurate, misleading, and even dangerous statistics. The purpose of this book is to provide members of medical and other professions, including scientists and engineers, with a basic understanding of statistics and probability together with an explanation and worked examples of the techniques. It does not seek to confuse the reader with in-depth mathematics but provides basic methods for interpreting data and making inferences. The worked examples are medically based, but the principles apply to the analysis of any numerical data.
CONTENTS Foreword Acknowledgement Introduction Chapter 1: Why one Needs Statistical Techniques Variables and Attributes Spread of a Variable Correlation Taking Samples Chapter 2: Probability and its Rules Empirical v A Priori Independence Mutually Exclusive Events Exercise 1 - Manipulating Probabilities Chapter 3: Dealing with Variables The Mean Standard Deviation and Variance Grouped Data Ranges Exercise 2 - Mean and Standard Deviation Inference and Confidence Coefficient of Variation Exercise 3 - Mean and Coefficient of Variation Medians and Percentiles Exercise 4 - Median Life Expectancy Geometric Mean Chapter 4: Comparing Variables Comparing the Standard Deviations Comparing the Means Exercise 5 - Comparing Two Standard Deviations Chapter 5: Establishing Trends Visual Presentation of data Histograms Graphs Some Pitfalls Extrapolation Logarithmic Scales Moving Averages Control Charts Chapter 6: Dealing with Attributes Binomial Poisson Approximation Exercise 6 - Attributes using Poisson Curves Chapter 7: Testing for Significance (Attributes) Chi Squared Exercise 7 - Chi Squared Chapter 8: Correlation and Regression Relating two Variables Exercise 8 - Correlation False Correlation Establishing a Normal Distribution Chapter 9: Handling Numbers (Large and Small) Big Numbers Small Numbers Multiplying and Dividing Negative Exponents Exercise 9 - Large and Small Numbers Chapter 10: An Introduction to Risk Individual Risk Fatal Accident Frequency (FAFR) Maximum Tolerable Risk As Low as Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) Exercise 10 - SLY/Cost per life Saved Chapter 11: A Final Word Appendix 1 Manipulating numbers in Spreadsheets Appendix 2 Brief Glossary of Terms Appendix 3 Normal Distribution Table Appendix 4 The F Distribution Tables Appendix 5 The t Distribution Table Appendix 6 Cumulative Poisson Curves Appendix 7 Percentage Points of the Chi Squared Distribution Appendix 8 Answers to the Exercises Appendix 9 Further Reading
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