图书简介
How do accidents and disasters occur? How has knowledge on accident processes evolved? A significant improvement in safety has occurred during the last century, with the number of accidents falling spectacularly within industry, aviation and road traffic. This progress has been gradual in the context of a changing society. The improvements are partly due to a better understanding of the accident processes that ultimately lead to damage. This book shows how contemporary crises instigated the development of safety knowledge and how the safety sciences pieced their theories together by research, by experience and by taking ideas from other domains.From Safety to Safety Science details 150 years of knowledge development in the safety sciences. The authors have rigorously extracted the essence of safety knowledge development from more than 2,500 articles to provide a unique overview and insight into the background and usability of safety theories, as well as modelling how they developed and how they are used today. Extensive appendices and references provide an additional dimension to support further scholarly work in this field.The book is divided into clear time periods to make it an accessible piece of science-history that will be invaluable to both new and experienced safety researchers, to safety courses and education, and to learned practitioners.
TIME TRAVEL CHAPTER 1 THE BIRTH OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, SAFETY AND SOCIAL STRUGGLE (19TH CENTURY - 1910) UNITED KINGDOM The century of steam UNITED STATES US Steel, road to happiness The Pittsburgh investigation Eastman’s conclusions Responsibility for safety THE NETHERLANDS The Netherlands during the century of steam Safety technique according to Westerouwen van Meeteren Heijermans’ causes of occupational accidents CHAPTER 2 ACCIDENT PRONENESS, SAFETY BY INSPECTION (1910-1930) UNITED STATES The American management approach Behavioural management Safety technique Safety publications Professionalisation of occupational safety Safety management according to DeBlois Heinrich’s influence Safety propaganda UNITED KINGDOM Safety research Accident proneness The individual hypothesis Between thinking and doing The environmental hypothesis THE NETHERLANDS Individual factors CHAPTER 3 DOMINOS, SAFETY BY TECHNIQUE - PREVENTION (1931-1950) UNITED STATES Heinrich’s contribution The domino metaphor The National Safety Council The role of the foreman Accident investigation, chance and effect Criticism on Heinrich The epidemiological triangle UNITED KINGDOM Accidents and their prevention THE NETHERLANDS Limited knowledge development Safety museum Safety inspectors CHAPTER 4 PREVENTION, BEHAVIOUR AND THE MAKEABLE MAN (1950 - 1970) UNITED STATES Modern management Quality control, product versus process The latter days of Heinrich Damage control Criticism on the psychological explanation of accidents The hazard-barrier-target model The concept of risk Reliability engineering Ergonomics Loss prevention and safety tools, FMEA, FTA, Energy Analysis UNITED KINGDOM Safety tool, Hazop Human factors and ergonomics THE NETHERLANDS Task dynamics, a safety theory Focus on occupational safety The Lateiner method Workers’ participation Ergonomics and housekeeping CHAPTER 5 RISK, SAFETY AND ORGANISATION - MANAGEMENT (1970-1990) WESTERN EUROPE AND THE NORDIC CONTRIES Quality of legal provisions for occupational management Models of occupational safety Ergonomics and task dynamics Causes and prevention of 2000 accidents Occupational safety research in the 1980s NORTH AMERICA Structures of organisations Risk homeostasis Occupational safety research in the 1980s Prevention of accidents Occupational safety management systems and auditing Workers’ well-being Safety and changing technology THE NETHERLANDS Human error Risk and occupational safety Acceptability of risks, standards for occupational exposure to carcinogens Humanisation of labour CHAPTER 6 RISK AND MANAGEMENT, SAFETY BY ORGANISATION (1970-1990) WESTERN EUROPE AND THE NORDIC COUTRIES Some major industrial accidents in the 1970s Feyzin 1966 Aberfan 1966 Flixborough 1974 Seveso 1976 Los Alfaques 1978 How safety changed after these major industrial accidents The nuclear sector Loss Prevention Canvey Island study Inherent safe design Seveso I The Disaster Incubation Theory Man-machine interactions Some major industrial accidents in the 1980s Chernobyl 1986 Piper Alpha 1988 Clapham Junction 1988 NORTH AMERICA Management Oversight Risk Tree Some major industrial accidents in the 1970s and 1980s Three Mile Island 1979 Mexico City 1984 Bhopal 1984 How safety changed after these major industrial accidents Risk approach and risk perception Normal accidents Man-machine interactions THERP and High Reliability Theory Safety management THE NETHERLANDS Some major industrial accidents in the 1970s Shell Pernis 1968 DSM Beek 1975 NAM Schoonebeek 1976 How safety changed after these major industrial accidents Impact of vapour gas explosions Fighting blow-outs Loss Prevention Origin of the Dutch risk concept COVO study, LPG study Coloured books Broad Societal Discussion Research on risk perception The Shell casus University Training and Research in Safety
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