图书简介
Philosophical theories often hinge on claims about what is necessary or possible. But what are possibilities and necessities, and how could we come to know about them? This book aims to help demystify the methodology of philosophy, by treating such claims not as attempted descriptions of strange facts or distant ’possible worlds’, but rather as ways of expressing rules or norms.
Acknowledgements; Introduction; 1. The Rise and Fall of Early Non-Descriptive Approaches; 1.1 The Pre-History: Challenges for Empiricism; 1.2 Conventionalism and its Motives; 1.3 Criticisms of Conventionalism; 1.4 Later Non-Descriptivism and the Normative Function of Modal Discourse; 1.5 Why the Non-Descriptivist Approach was Lost; 1.6 New Barriers to Modal Non-Descriptivism; 1.7 A Non-Descriptivist Revival; 1.8 Where Do We Go From Here?; 2. The Function of Modal Discourse ; 2.1 Games, Necessities and the Advantages of Modal Terminology; 2.2 The Function of Metaphysical Modal Terminology; 2.3 Uses of Metaphysical Modal Claims; 2.4 How Should We Understand the Semantic Rules?; 3. The Meaning of Modal Discourse ; 3.1 The Relation between Function and Use; 3.2 The Content of Modal Terms; 3.3 Modal Propositions and Modal Truth; 3.4 Avoiding the Criticisms of Conventionalism; 3.5 Conclusion; 4. Handling De Re and A Posteriori Modal Claims; 4.1 Rules for Names and Natural Kind Terms; 4.2 De Re Modal Claims; 4.3 A Posteriori Modal Claims; 4.4 The Contingent A Priori; 4.5 Conclusion; 5. Other Objections to Modal Normativism; 5.1 Putative Counter-examples; 5.2 Circularity Worries; 5.3 Does it Rely on a Heavyweight Understanding of Logical Necessity?; 5.4 Conclusion; 6. Ontological Advantages; 6.1 Modal Facts and Properties; 6.2 Possible Worlds; 6.3 What we Gain; 6.4 Classificatory (and other forms of) Conventionalism; 7. Epistemological Advantages ; 7.1 The Integration Challenge; 7.2 The Reliability Challenge; 7.3 Meeting the Integration Challenge; 7.4 Meeting the Reliability Challenge; 7.5 Does the Challenge Rise Again?; 7.6 The Unexplained Coincidence Problem; 7.7 Conclusion; 8. Methodological Advantages ; 8.1 Justifying the use of Intuition in Metaphysical Modal Debates; 8.2 A Defense of the Relevance of Traditional Methods; 8.3 Resolving Internal Metaphysical Modal Disputes; 8.4 Objections to Conceptual Analysis; 8.5 Limits to Detail and Precision; 8.6 Understanding External Metaphysical Modal Disputes; 8.7 Conclusion; Conclusion
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