图书简介
Death in the Iron Age of Eastern Englandexplores the treatment of the non-cremated dead from 800BC - c.AD60 in what is now eastern England. The research presented identifies large-scale patterns in post-mortem treatment, furthering existing debates around excarnation practices, inhumation traditions and the ‘invisible dead’. The region has seen comparatively little in-depth study in recent years, while the quantity of excavated material has increased exponentially due to the rise of development-led archaeology. This book gathers and presents the known data to shed light on an under-researched part of Iron Age Britain through the study of complete inhumations, partial skeletal remains and disarticulated human bones. The data is interpreted via integrated methodological approaches that combine contextual archaeology, osteology and bone taphonomy to better understand post-mortem processes, regional variation and the role of the dead in Iron Age societies.
List of FiguresList of TablesAbbreviations 1. Introduction1.1. The research landscape1.2. Geographical and chronological boundaries1.3. Large-scale data and its boundaries1.4. Geological factors in bone preservation1.5. Aims and objectives1.6. Structure of the work 2. History of Research and Theoretical Themes2.1. Introduction2.2. Previous research2.2.1. Large-scale burial reviews2.2.2. Previous research on pit burials2.2.3. The excarnation debate2.3. Mortuary theory-key concepts2.3.1. Defining burial2.3.2. Defining ritual2.3.3. Identity2.3.4. Death and society2.3.5. Change and transformation2.3.6. Liminality, and the body as object2.4. Conclusions 3. Materials and Methodologies3.1. Introduction3.2. Material3.2.1. Total data3.2.2. Inhumations3.2.3. Disarticulated remains3.2.4. Articulated and semi-articulated bones3.2.5. Data limitations3.2.6. The ‘invisible dead’-other considerations3.3. Archaeological data methods3.3.1. Coding3.3.2. Site conglomerations3.3.3. Data presentation3.3.4 Disarticulated remains-data recording3.4. Osteological methodology and recording standards3.4.1. Preservation3.4.2. Age estimation3.4.3. Sex estimation3.4.4. Stature estimation3.5. Common palaeopathologies-skeletal3.5.1. Cribra orbitalia / Porotic hyperostosis3.5.2. Osteoarthritis3.5.3. Infection / Periosteal new bone3.5.4. Schmorl’s nodes3.5.5. Trauma 3.6. Common palaeopathologies-Dental3.6.1. Calculus3.6.2. Caries3.6.3. Periodontal disease3.6.4. Periapical cavities3.6.5. Antemortem tooth loss3.6.6. Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH)3.7. Macroscopic taphonomy methodology3.7.1. Weathering3.7.2 Gnawing3.7.3. Trampling3.7.4. Polish / Abrasion3.7.5. Cut and chop marks3.7.6. Perimortem fractures3.8. Conclusion 4. Results 1-Early Iron Age Inhumations4.1. Introduction4.2. Geographic distribution4.3. Chronology4.4. Site type4.5. Depositional context4.5.1. Pit burials4.5.2. Grave burials4.5.3. Ditch burial4.5.4. Other contexts4.6. Burial position4.6.1. Extended inhumations4.6.2. Crouched and flexed inhumations4.6.3. Other positions4.7. Orientation4.8. Facing direction4.9. Burial accompaniments4.9.1. Pottery4.9.2. Personal ornaments4.9.3. Multiple associated goods/remains4.9.4. Material in other fills4.9.5. Other inclusions4.10. Age4.10.1. Age and burial context4.10.2. Age and grave goods4.10.3. Age and sex4.11. Sex4.11.1. Sex and location4.11.2. Sex and burial context4.11.3. Sex and position / orientation4.11.4. Sex and grave goods4.12. Conclusions 5. Results 2-Middle Iron Age Inhumations5.1. Geographic distribution5.2. Chronology5.3. Site type5.4. Depositional context5.4.1. Pit burials5.4.2. Grave burials5.4.3. Ditch burials5.4.4. House burials5.4.5. Burial enclosures5.4.6. Double burials5.4.7. Other5.5. Burial position5.5.1. Extended inhumations5.5.2. Crouched and flexed inhumations5.5.3. Other positions5.6. Orientation5.7. Facing direction5.8. Burial accompaniments5.8.1. Animal bone5.8.2. Pottery5.8.3. Personal ornaments5.8.4. Multiple associated goods5.8.5. Material in other fills5.8.6. Other5.9. Age5.9.1. Age and burial context5.9.2. Age and grave goods5.9.3. Age and sex5.10. Sex5.10.1. Sex and burial context5.10.2. Sex and position/orientation5.10.3. Sex and grave goods5.11. Conclusions 6. Results 3-Late Iron Age-Conquest Period6.1. Geographic distribution of sites and burials6.2. Chronology6.3. Site type6.3.1. Cemeteries6.3.2. Settlements6.3.3. Hillforts/ringworks6.3.4. Isolated burials6.3.5. Mortuary landscapes6.3.6. Other6.4. Depositional context6.4.1. Grave burials6.4.2. Pit burial6.4.3. Ditch burial6.4.4. Multiple burials6.4.5. Enclosed burials6.4.6. Other6.5. Burial position6.5.1. Extended inhumations6.5.2. Crouched and flexed inhumations6.5.3. Other positions6.6. Orientation6.7. Facing direction6.8. Burial accompaniments6.8.1. Animal bone6.8.2. Pottery6.8.3. Personal ornaments6.8.4. Metalwork and weapons6.8.5. Multiple associated goods/remains6.8.6. Material in other fills6.8.7. Other6.9. Age6.9.1. Age and burial context6.9.2. Age and burial position6.9.3. Age and grave goods6.9.4. Age and sex6.10. Sex6.10.1. Sex and location6.10.2. Sex and site / burial context6.10.3. Sex and position / orientation6.10.4. Sex and grave goods6.11. Conclusion6.12. Iron Age-imprecisely dated 7. Articulated Human Skeletal Deposits7.1. Introduction7.2. Deposit demographics7.3. Represented elements7.4. Interpretation of depositional practices7.4.1. Inhumations7.4.2. Body bundles / secondary / tertiary inhumations7.4.3. Articulated body parts7.4.4. Bundles of bones (token deposits)7.4.5. Victims of conflict and violent deposits7.4.6. Bone spreads7.5. Conclusion 8. Disarticulated Remains and Macroscopic Taphonomy8.1. Introduction and aims8.2. The data8.3. Feature type8.4. Represented elements8.5. Age8.6. Sex8.7. Side8.8. Associated material
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