Activated sludge is the most widely used biological wastewater treatment process globally to date, although its high energy demand makes it a major contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. Over recent decades it has been constantly modified and retrofitted to treat ever higher loads or improve effluent standards which have often resulted in even greater carbon emissions. Conventional activated sludge treatment is at a crossroads where new sustainable solutions are required if we are to protect the quality of our rivers and meet net-zero carbon targets.The book details current operation and design with special emphasis on the biological aspects of the process. From the microbial kinetics to the fascinating process of floc formation and development, the book explores the development of our understanding of the process looking at new sustainable designs, including biological nutrient removal and new aeration systems. Sludge separation problems and control options are explained, with a trouble-shooting guide to non-bulking problems. Environmental issues including noise, odor, aerosols, micro-plastics and nanoparticles are all reviewed, as is pathogen removal and the problem of antibiotic resistant genes and bacteria. The development of membrane bioreactors has increased process reliability and effluent quality, while integrated fixed-film activated sludge processes are more efficient and compact. The book concludes by exploring how activated sludge can become more sustainable, for example, by carbon harvesting and byproduct recovery.This interdisciplinary book is essential reading for both engineers and scientists whether training at university or practitioners and consultants in the wastewater industry.Key FeaturesConventional activated sludge is a energy-intensive wastewater treatment process which often suffers from periods of poor performance due to sludge separation problemsIt is constantly being modified and retrofitted in order to treat ever higher loads or improve effluent standards which often result in even greater carbon emissionsAlso, the number of treatment plants reporting failures when raw or partially treated sewage is discharged into surface waters has never been so highSo conventional treatment of activated sludge is at a crossroads where new sustainable solutions are required if we are to protect the quality of our rivers, estuaries and seas and meet expected net-zero carbon targetsThe book offers an in-depth study on the process of activated sludge, including its development, both in terms of design and operationThe book emphasizes the key role of the microbial community in process operation from floc formation and development to sludge separation problems, from the biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus to carbon harvesting and byproduct recoveryThe book investigates the key environmental issues of odour control, noise dissemination and mitigation, aerosol formation and their role in pathogen transfer, the problem of wastewater treatment plants being point sources of microplastics, and the detrimental effects of nanoparticles on operation and their environmental impactThe need to move to sustainable options in wastewater treatment and the importance of the circular economy is a challenge for major urban conurbations reliant on the activated sludge process with a continuous evolution of innovative optionsThe book provides a complete reference to activated sludge design and operation, as well as giving those new to the system an advanced overview. It offers solutions and new perspectives on what is possible and guides the reader to the key research sources that have shaped the process we know today

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