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Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1.Biopolymers 1.1.1 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 1.2. Nanofillers for bionanocomposites 1.2.1. Layered silicates 1.2.2 Halloysite nanotubes(HNTs) 1.2.3 Bamboo charcoals (BCs) 1.2.4 Other popular nanofillers 1.3. Processing of bionanocomposites 1.4. Properties and characterisation of bionanocomposites 1.4.1 Morphological structures 1.4.2 Mechanical properties 1.4.3 Nanomechanical properties 1.4.4. Thermal properties 1.5. Modelling approaches 1.6. Application of bionanocomposites 1.6.1. Electronic and sensor applications 1.6.2 Medical applications 1.6.3 Packaging applications Chapter 2 Materials, methodology and characterisation techniques 2.1. Materials 2.1.1. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 2.1.2. Nanoparticles 2.1.2.1. Bamboo charcoals (BCs) 2.1.2.2 Clay nanoparticles 2.1.2.3 Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) 2.2. Fabrication of PVA bionanocomposite films 2.3. Characterisation techniques 2.3.1. X/ray diffraction (XRD) analysis 2.3.2. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis 2.3.3. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 2.3.4. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 2.3.5. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) 2.3.6. Mechanical testing 2.3.7. Nanomechanical characterisation Chapter 3 PVA/BC bionancomposite films with particle size effect 3.1. BC particle analysis and characterisation 3.1.1. BC composition and surface area 3.1.2. Particle size and elastic modulus 3.1.3. FTIR and XRD analyses 3.2. Characterisation and properties of PVA/BC bionanocomposites 3.2.1. FTIR and XRD spectra 3.2.2. Mechanical properties 3.2.3. Fracture morphology 3.2.4. Thermal properties 3.2.5. Morphological structures and nanomechanical properties Chapter 4 PVA bionanocomposite films with different particle shapes and structures 4.1. FTIR spectra 4.2. XRD patterns 4.3. Morphological structures and nanomechanical properties 4.4. Mechanical properties 4.5. Fracture morphology 4.6. Thermal properties Chapter 5 3D interphase of PVA bionanocomposite films 5.1. Interphase properties and features 5.2. Modelling approach 5.3. Interphase modulus 5.4. Interphase dimensions 5.5. Modulus/gradient effect 5.6. 3D interphase modulus and dimensions 5.7. Particle debonding Chapter 6 Micromechanical modelling of PVA bionanocomposite films 6.1. Modelling theory 6.1.1. Micromechanical models based on nominal and effective volume fractions 6.1.2. Micromechanical models based on volume fractions of nanofillers and interphase 6.1.3. Interphase volume fraction 6.2. Prediction of elastic moduli of PVA bionancomposites References Appendices

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