图书简介

Introduction; 1.1: The Value and Uses of Logic; 1.2: What Can Be Learned about Logic and How Can It Be Learned?; 1.3: Logic versus Psychology; 1.4: The Organization of This Book; Chapter 1: Informal Analysis of Statements; 1.1: Sentences; 1.2: Cognitive and Noncognitive Uses of Sentences; 1.3: Statements; 1.4: Recognizing Sentences Used to Express Statements; 1.5: Self-Evident and Supported Statements; 1.6: Logical Relationships between Two (or More) Propositions; 1.7: Consistency; 1.8: Real versus Apparent Disagreements; 1.9: Verbal Disagreements; 1.10: Implication; 1.11: Logical Equivalence; 1.12: Independence; Chapter 2: Informal Analysis of Arguments; 2.1: Inferences and Arguments; 2.2: The Logical Sense of \"Argument\"; 2.3: Premises and Conclusions; 2.4: Problems in Recognizing Intended Arguments; 2.5: Supplying Missing Statements; 2.6: Deductive and Inductive Arguments; 2.7: Criteria for Good Arguments; 2.8: Dealing with Enthymemes; 2.9: Complex Argument Structures; 2.10: Analyzing Sample Arguments; 2.11: Some Basic Elements of Argument Analysis; Chapter 3: Aristotelian Logic: Statements; 3.1: Categorical Statements; 3.2: Abbreviations; 3.3: Schemas; 3.4: Venn Diagrams and Categorical Statements; 3.5: Logical Relations between Categorical Propositions; 3.6: Immediate Inferences; 3.7: The Traditional Square of Opposition; 3.8: The Boolean Interpretation; Chapter 4: Aristotelian Logic: Arguments; 4.1: The Categorical Syllogism; 4.2: Standard-Form Syllogisms; 4.3: Mood and Figure; 4.4: Testing the Validity of Syllogisms; 4.5: Testing by Counterexamples; 4.6: Testing with Venn Diagrams; 4.7: Testing by Rules; 4.8: The Boolean Interpretation; 4.9: Syllogistic Arguments in Ordinary Language; Chapter 5: Propositional Logic: Statements; 5.1: Compound Propositions and Logical Operators; 5.2: Truth-Functional Operators; 5.3: Propositional Abbreviations and Schemas; 5.4: Conjunction; 5.5: Truth Tables; 5.6: Negation; 5.7: Disjunction; 5.8: Material Implication; 5.9: Material Equivalence; 5.10: Propositions with More Than One Logical Operator; 5.11: Truth Table Construction; 5.12: Logically Equivalent Statements; 5.13: Logical Equivalence and Material Equivalence; 5.14: Tautologies; 5.15: Contradictions; 5.16: Contingent Statements; Chapter 6: Propositional Logic: Arguments; 6.1: Truth-Functional Validity; 6.2: Contradictory Premises and Tautological Conclusions; 6.3: Abbreviating Truth-Functional Arguments; 6.4: Schematizing Truth-Functional Arguments; 6.5: Testing Validity by Truth Tables; 6.6: The Short Truth Table Method; 6.7: Truth-Functional Arguments and Corresponding Conditionals; 6.8: The Propositional Calculus; 6.9: Constructing a Formal Proof; 6.10: Inference Rules; 6.11: Rules of Thumb for Proof Construction; 6.12: The Rule of Rigor; 6.13: The Replacement Rule; 6.14: Conditions of Proof; 6.15: Indirect Proof; 6.16: Deductive Completeness; Chapter 7: Quantificational Logic: Statements; 7.1: Predicates and Individuals; 7.2: Variables and Constants; 7.3: Compound Propositions; 7.4: Existential Quantifiers; 7.5: Universal Quantifiers; 7.6: Negation and Quantifier Exchange; 7.7: Multiple Quantifiers; Chapter 8: Quantificational Logic: Arguments; 8.1: Universal Instantiation; 8.2: Existential Generalization; 8.3: Existential Instantiation; 8.4: Universal Generalization; Chapter 9: Inductive Arguments; 9.1: Enumerative Inductions; 9.2: Relative Strength of Enumerative Inductions; 9.3: The Possible Elimination of Inductions by Analogy; 9.4: Statistical Inductions; Chapter 10: Scientific Method; 10.1: The Hypothetico-Deductive Method; 10.2: Hypothetic-Deductive Method and Inductive Generalization; 10.3: Crucial Experiments; 10.4: Scientific Method; 10.5: Causal Explanations; 10.6: Kinds of Cause; 10.7: Mill?s Method; 10.8: Replicability and Controls; 10.9: The Role of Logic in Science; Chapter 11: Probability; 11.1: Some Basic Terminology; 11.2: Two General Principles of Probability; 11.3: Three Theories of Probability; 11.4: Independent and Mutually Exclusive Outcomes; 11.5: The Probability Calculus; Chapter 12: Informal Fallacies; 12.1: Disguised Nonarguments; 12.2: Valid but Fallacious Arguments; 12.3: Other Informal Fallacies; Chapter 13: Definitions; 13.1: Kinds of Definitions; 13.2: Uses of Definitions; 13.3: Criteria for Good Definitions; Chapter 14: Applied Logic; 14.1: Burden of Proof; 14.2: The Principle of Induction; 14.3: Choosing the Appropriate System; Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises; Index

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