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Contents List of figures List of tables List of code blocks Acknowledgments Preface Part I Getting ready 1 Introduction 1.1 Main objectives of this book 1.2 A logical series of steps 1.2.1 Why focus on data visualization techniques? 1.2.2 Why focus on full-fledged statistical models? 1.3 Statistical concepts 1.3.1 p-values 1.3.2 Effect sizes 1.3.3 Confidence intervals 1.3.4 Standard errors 1.3.5 Further reading 2 R basics 23 2.1 Why R? 2.2 Fundamentals 2.2.1 Installing R and RStudio 2.2.2 Interface 2.2.3 R basics 2.3 Data frames 2.4 Reading your data 2.4.1 Is your data file ready? 2.4.2 R Projects 2.4.3 Importing your data 2.5 The tidyverse package 2.5.1 Wide-to-long transformation 2.5.2 Grouping, filtering, changing, and summarizing data 2.6 Figures 2.6.1 Using ggplot2 2.6.2 General guidelines for data visualization 2.7 Basic statistics in R 2.7.1 What’s your research question? 2.7.2 t-tests and ANOVAs in R 2.7.3 A post-hoc test in R 2.8 More packages 2.9 Additional readings on R 2.10 Summary 2.11 Exercises Part II Visualizing the data 3 Continuous data 3.1 Importing your data 3.2 Preparing your data 3.3 Histograms 3.4 Scatter plots 3.5 Box plots 3.6 Bar plots and error bars 3.7 Line plots 3.8 Additional readings on data visualization 3.9 Summary 3.10 Exercises 4 Categorical data 4.1 Binary data 4.2 Ordinal data 4.3 Summary 4.4 Exercises 5 Aesthetics: optimizing your figures 5.1 More on aesthetics 5.2 Exercises Part III Analyzing the data 127 6 Linear regression 129 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Examples and interpretation 6.2.1 Does Hours affect scores? 6.2.2 Does Feedback affect scores? 6.2.3 Do Feedback and Hours affect scores? 6.2.4 Do Feedback and Hours interact? 6.3 Beyond the basics 6.3.1 Comparing models and plotting estimates 6.3.2 Scaling variables 6.4 Summary 6.5 Exercises 7 Logistic regression 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Defining the best curve in a logistic model 7.1.2 A family of models 7.2 Examples and interpretation 7.2.1 Can reaction time differentiate learners and native speakers? 7.2.2 Does Condition affect responses? 7.2.3 Do Proficiency and Condition affect responses? 7.2.4 Do Proficiency and Condition interact? 7.3 Summary 7.4 Exercises 8 Ordinal regression 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Examples and interpretation 8.2.1 Does Condition affect participants’ certainty? 8.2.2 Do Condition and L1 interact? 8.3 Summary 8.4 Exercises 9 Hierarchical models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Examples and interpretation 9.2.1 Random-intercept model 9.2.2 Random-slope and random-intercept model 9.3 Additional readings on regression models 9.4 Summary 9.5 Exercises 10 Going Bayesian 10.1 Introduction to Bayesian data analysis 10.1.1 Sampling from the posterior 10.2 The RData format 10.3 Getting ready 10.4 Bayesian models: linear and logistic examples 10.4.1 Bayesian model A: Feedback 10.4.2 Bayesian model B: Relative clauses with prior specifications 10.5 Additional readings on Bayesian inference 10.6 Summary 10.7 Exercises 11 Final remarks Appendix A: Troubleshooting Appendix B: RStudio shortcuts Appendix C: Symbols and acronyms Appendix D: Files used in this book Appendix E: Contrast coding Appendix F: Models and nested data Glossary References Subject index Function Index

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