The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) results have caught the attention of governments, policy-makers, school leaders and educational researchers globally. It has become a benchmark of education for countries in the world and provides a broad perspective for countries to evaluate their education achievement. However, culture and school environment are two critical factors affecting educational achievement that deserve careful consideration and re-interpretation. This book brings light to these conceptual and methodological issues. The 14 articles in this book deal with various aspects of PISA, including cultural and social environments, principals’ roles and views, achievements in Reading, Science, and Mathematics, and the trustworthiness of international comparisons. The articles use recent PISA data to present new insights and interpretations of international surveys. These insights will help educators, administrators, and policy-makers in understanding the working mechanisms of their school systems and the relationships between students’ achievement and the culture and school environment they are in. This book is a companion volume to the author’s earlier publication — PISA: Issues and Effects in Singapore, East Asia, and the World (World Scientific, 2017). Key Features: ○The articles are all based on re-analysis of extent data of PISA ○PISA has an influence on educational policies and practices over the world and hence proper interpretation is critical oPISA has included aspects of education other than just achievements in the three subjects, these deserve further consideration and caution

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