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Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. Parental Behavior: Descriptions, Terms, and Definitions; 1. Parental Behavior in Vertebrates; 2. Parental Behavior in Mammals; Chapter 3. Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals; 1. Introduction; 2. Hormonal Regulation of Maternal Behavior in Rats, Rabbits, and Sheep; 3. Hormones and Maternal Behavior in Mice; 4. The Maintenance of Maternal Behavior and the Onset-Maintenance Dichotomy in Rats; Rabbits, and Sheep; 5. Hormones and Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Primates; 6. General Conclusions; Chapter 4. Brain Mechanisms Regulating Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals: Oxytocin and Olfaction; 1. Introduction; 2. A Tour of the Rodent Brain; 3. Oxytocin and Maternal Behavior; 4. Olfaction and Maternal Behavior in Rodents, Rabbits, and Sheep; 5. General Conclusions; Chapter 5. Central Neural Circuits Regulating Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals; 1. Introduction; 2. The Essential Role of the Medial Preoptic Area; 3. The Larger Neural Circuitry within Which the MPOA Operates to Influence Maternal; Behavior; 4. Neural Plasticity within Maternal Brain Circuits, the Maintenance of Maternal Behavior, and; Maternal Memory; 5. General Conclusions; Chapter 6. Anxiety Reduction and Maternal Aggression in Postpartum Nonhuman Mammals; 1. Introduction; 2. Behavioral Characteristics of the Postpartum Reduction in Fearfulness; 3. Behavioral Characteristics of the Postpartum Increase in Maternal Aggression; 4. Opposing Roles of Oxytocin (OT) and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) in Anxiety-; Related Behaviors; 5. The Neural Circuitry of Maternal Aggression; 6. The Neural Circuitry of Fear/Anxiety and the Mechanisms Mediating its Postpartum; Downregulation; 7. Critical Evaluation of the Hypothesis that Decreased Activity within Fear/Anxiety Neural; Circuits Exerts a Permissive Effect on the Occurrence of Maternal Aggression by Releasing; Aggression Circuits from Inhibition; 8. The Effects of High Activity within CRF Neural Systems on Infant-Directed Maternal Behavior; 9. Conclusions; Chapter 7. Alloparental Behavior and Paternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals; 1. Introduction; 2. The Laboratory Mouse as an Experimental Model of Allomaternal behavior; 3. Alloparental Behavior in Prairie Voles; 4. Alloparental Behavior in Marmosets and Tamarins; 5. Conclusions on Alloparenting; 6. Naturally Occurring Paternal Behavior; 7. Experimentally-Induced Paternal Behavior in Mammalian Species that Naturally Exhibit a; Uniparental Maternal Care System; 8. Conclusions on Paternal Behavior; Chapter 8. The Parental Brain in Humans; 1. Introduction; 2. Subcortical Neural Regions and Circuits Implicated in the Maternal Behavior of Women; 3. Cortical Neural Regions and Circuits Relevant to Maternal Behavior in Women; 4. Cortical Neural Activations Associated with Maternal Responsiveness in Women; 5. Postpartum Depression; 6. The Paternal Brain in Men; 7. General Conclusions; Chapter 9. Development of the Parental Brain in Nonhuman Mammals; 1. Introduction; 2. Normal Variations in Maternal Licking/Grooming of Pups Affect the Development of the; MPOA-to-VTA-to-NA Circuit in Rodent Offspring; 3. Normal Variations in Maternal Licking/Grooming of Pups Affect the Development of; Neural Circuits that Regulate Stress Reactivity, Fearfulness, and Anxiety in Rodent Offspring; 4. The Effects of Various Forms of Maternal Neglect of a Young Infant on the Subsequent; Development of Maternal Behavior and its Associated Neural Systems in the Affected Infant; 5. Conclusions; Chapter 10. Development of the Parental Brain in Humans; 1. Introduction; 2. The Intergenerational Transmission of Maternal Responsiveness: A Behavioral Analysis; 3. Normal Variations in Parental Behavior are Related to the Development of the Parental Brain; in Offspring; 4. The Relationships Between Abnormal Parental Care and the Development of Neural Circuits; that Could Impact Parental Behavior in the Affected Offspring; 5. Conclusions; Chapter 11. Evolutionary Perspectives on the Parental Brain; 1. Introduction; 2. Brain Modifications that May Underpin Alloparental Behavior; 3. MPOA Interactions with the Mesolimbic DA System Regulate the Appetitive Aspects of; Maternal Behavior, Male Sexual Behavior, and Female Sexual Behavior; 4. Modifications to the Core MPOA-to-VTA-DA Circuit and the Formation of an Enduring; Mother-Infant Bond in Mammals; 5. The Neural Mechanism of the Mother-Infant Bond: A Potential Neural Foundation for the; Enduring Pair Bond that Forms between Mates in Socially Monogamous Mammalian Species; 6. The Potential Contribution of Maternal Neural Circuits to the Neural Basis of Human; Hyper-Cooperation and Hyper-Prosociality; 7. Conclusions

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