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Preface xiii 1 Phosphorous-Based Materials for K-Ion Batteries 1 Maryam Meshksar, Fatemeh Afshariani, and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Principles of Potassium-Ion Batteries 5 1.2.1 Cathode Materials 6 1.2.2 Anode Materials 6 1.2.2.1 Carbon-Based Materials 8 1.2.2.2 Alloy-Based Anode Materials 9 1.3 Conclusions 13 List of Abbreviations 14 References 14 2 Antimony-Based Electrodes for Potassium Ion Batteries 19 S. Bharadwaj, M. Chaitanya Varma and Ramesh Singampalli 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Insight of Experimental Method 21 2.2.1 Synthesis Methods 21 2.2.2 Characterization Tools 22 2.2.3 Measurement Techniques 22 2.3 KIB as Batteries 23 2.3.1 Progress in KIB 23 2.4 Use of Antimony (Sb) Based K-Ion Batteries (KIB) 24 2.4.1 What Is Antimony? 24 2.4.2 Structure of Antimony Based KIB 25 2.4.3 Antimony Used in KIBs 25 2.4.4 Research Based on K-Sb Ion Batteries in the Last 5 Years 27 2.5 DFT Studies 32 2.6 Future Perceptive and Challenges 34 References 36 3 K-Ion Battery Practical Application Toward Grid-Energy Storage 43 Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Maryam Zarei, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Chin Wei Lai and Sonia Bahrani 3.1 Introduction 44 3.2 Intercalation Reaction 50 3.3 Cathode Materials 60 3.3.1 Layered Metal Oxides 60 3.3.2 Prussian Blue Analogs 62 3.3.3 Polyanionic-Based Compounds 65 3.3.4 Organic Materials 68 3.4 Anode Materials 70 3.4.1 Carbon-Based Materials 70 3.4.2 Non-Carbonaceous Materials 73 3.4.3 Alloy-Based Materials 76 3.4.4 Organic Anodes 78 3.5 Electrolyte and Binder 81 3.6 Conclusions 83 References 83 4 Mn-Based Materials for K-Ion Batteries 99 Pallavi Jain, Palak Pant, Sapna Raghav and Dinesh Kumar 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Anode Material 104 4.3 Cathode Materials 105 4.3.1 Manganese Layered Compounds 106 4.3.2 Manganese Based Multi-Layered Compounds 108 4.3.3 Prussian Blue Analogs 110 4.4 Electrolyte 112 4.5 Perspectives 112 4.6 Conclusion 114 Acknowledgment 115 References 115 5 Electrode Materials for K-Ion Batteries and Applications 123 M. Prakash, N. Suresh Kumar, K. Chandra Babu Naidu, M.S.S.R.K.N. Sarma, Prasun Banerjee, R. Jeevan Kumar, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula 5.1 Introduction 124 5.1.1 Why Batteries? 124 5.1.2 Background of Rechargeable Batteries 125 5.1.3 Classification of Batteries 125 5.1.4 Potassium Ion Battery 127 5.2 Conclusions 133 References 134 6 Active Materials for Flexible K-Ion Batteries 137 Prasun Banerjee, Adolfo Franco Jr, K. Chandra Babu Naidu, D. Baba Basha, Ramyakrishna Pothu and Rajender Boddula 6.1 Introduction 138 6.2 Flexible Prussian Blue 138 6.3 Flexible Carbon Nanotube/Prussian Blue 139 6.4 Flexible Film From the Trace of Pencil 140 6.5 Flexible Carbon Nanofiber Mat 141 6.6 Flexible SeS2-Porous Carbon 141 6.7 Flexible ReS2-Nanofiber Carbon 142 6.8 Conclusions 143 Acknowledgments 144 References 144 7 Hollow Nanostructures for K-Ion Batteries 147 Peetam Mandal and Mitali Saha 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 Current Scenario of Nanostructured Materials for K-Ion Batteries 148 7.3 Hollow Nanostructure Based K-Ion Batteries 150 7.3.1 Metallic Hollow Nanostructured Anodes for K-Ion Batteries 151 7.3.2 Carbonaceous Hollow Nanostructured Anodes for K-Ion Batteries 153 7.4 Conclusion 160 References 161 8 Polyanion Materials for K-Ion Batteries 167 Shankara S. Kalanur, Hyungtak Seo and Basanth S. Kalanoor 8.1 Introduction 168 8.2 Potassium-Ion Batteries 169 8.3 Cathode Materials for Potassium-Ion Batteries 170 8.4 Polyanionic Materials 171 8.4.1 The NASICON and Anti-NASICON Structured Polyanions 172 8.4.2 Olivine Structured Polyanion Materials 174 8.4.3 Tavorite Structured Polyanion Materials 175 8.5 Polyanions as Cathode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries 176 8.5.1 Potassium-Based Fluorosulfates 176 8.5.2 Amorphous Potassium-Based Iron Phosphates 177 8.5.3 Potassium-Based Double Phosphates of Titanium 178 8.5.4 Potassium-Based Vanadyl Phosphates 179 8.5.5 Potassium-Based Vanadyl Flourophosphates 181 8.6 Summary and Outlook 184 References 185 9 Fundamental Mechanism and Key Performance Factor in K-Ion Batteries 191 Sapna Raghav, Pallavi Jain, Praveen Kumar Yadav and Dinesh Kumar 9.1 Introduction 192 9.1.1 Primary vs. Secondary Batteries 194 9.1.2 Classification of Secondary Potassium Batteries 195 9.2 Recognizing Potential Materials for Their Usage as a Cathode and Observing Their Storage Functionalities 195 9.3 Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries 197 9.3.1 KIB Electrolytes 198 9.3.2 Potassium Metal Batteries 199 9.3.3 K-S Battery 201 9.4 Non-Aqueous Potassium-Ion Batteries 202 9.4.1 Cathode 202 9.4.1.1 Hexacyanometalates (HCM) 202 9.4.1.2 Layered Oxides 202 9.4.1.3 Polyanionic Frameworks 203 9.4.1.4 Organic Crystals 203 9.4.2 Anodes 203 9.4.2.1 Graphite 204 9.4.2.2 Other Carbonaceous Materials 204 9.5 Opportunities and Challenges 205 Acknowledgments 206 References 207 10 Fabrication of the Components of K-Ion Batteries: Material Selection and the Cell Assembly Techniques Toward the Higher Battery Performance 213 Iqra Reyaz Hamdani and Ashok N. Bhaskarwar 10.1 Introduction 214 10.2 Recent Materials Studied for Cathodes 217 10.2.1 Cathodes Based on Transition-Metal Oxides 217 10.2.2 Cathodes Based on Transition-Metal Polyanions 230 10.2.3 Cathodes Based on Organic Compounds 247 10.3 Anodes 247 10.3.1 Intercalation Anodes 250 10.3.2 Conversion Anodes 265 10.3.3 Alloying Anodes 272 10.3.4 Organic Compounds 279 10.4 Electrolytes and Binders 280 10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 282 Acknowledgment 282 References 283 11 MXenes for K-Ion Batteries 293 Jingya Feng, Oi Lun Li, Qixun Xia and Aiguo Zhou 11.1 Introduction 293 11.2 Synthesis Method of MXene 295 11.2.1 Synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene 297 11.2.2 Synthesis of K2Ti4O9 (M-KTO) 298 11.2.3 Synthesis of Alkalized Ti3C2 MXene Nanosheets 299 11.3 Structure and Electrochemical Properties of MXenes 300 11.3.1 Ti3C2 MXene 300 11.3.2 K2Ti4O9 (M-KTO) 300 11.3.3 Alkalized Ti3C2 MXene Nanosheetsis as Electrode Materials 305 11.4 Summary and Outlook 307 Acknowledgments 308 References 308 12 Metal Sulfides for K-Ion Batteries 313 Xinxin Hu, Ningyuan Zhang, Nanasaheb M. Shinde, Rajaram S. Mane, Qixun Xia and Kwang Ho Kim 12.1 Introduction 314 12.2 Synthesis Approaches 315 12.2.1 SnS2-Based Composites 315 12.2.2 MoS2-Based Composites 317 12.2.3 CoS-Based Composites 319 12.2.4 Sb2S3-Based Composites 320 12.2.5 FeS2-Based Composites 321 12.2.6 Ni3S2-Based Composites 322 12.2.7 ReS2/N-CNFs 322 12.3 Structures, Properties, and K-Ion Battery Applications 324 12.3.1 SnS2-Based Composites 324 12.3.2 MoS2-Based Composites 325 12.3.3 CoS-Based Composites 326 12.3.4 Sb2S3-Based Composites 328 12.3.5 FeS2-Based Composites 329 12.3.6 Ni3S2-Based Composites 329 12.4 Summary and Outlook 331 Acknowledgments 331 References 331 13 Electrodes for Potassium Oxygen Batteries 337 Kritika S. Sharma, Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar 13.1 Introduction 337 13.2 Categorization of Potassium Secondary Batteries 340 13.3 Potassium Oxygen Battery 341 13.4 State-of-the-Art or Current Status 341 13.4.1 High Capacity Sb-Based Anode 341 13.4.2 Enhanced Cycle Life by Functionally Graded Cathode (FGC) 342 13.5 Advancement in Rechargeable Alkali Metal-O2 Cells 343 13.5.1 Metal Anodes 343 13.5.2 O2-Cathodes 346 13.5.2.1 C-Cathodes 346 13.5.2.2 Non-C-Cathodes 348 13.6 Conclusion 349 Acknowledgment 351 References 352 14 Ti-Based Materials for K-Ion Batteries 357 Rekha Sharma, Sapna Nehra and Dinesh Kumar 14.1 Introduction 357 14.2 Titanium-Based Compounds 359 14.3 Some Other Materials for KIBs Such as K2Ti8O7 and K2Ti4O9 362 14.4 Promises and Challenges of KIBs 362 14.5 Summary and Future Scenario 364 Acknowledgments 366 References 366 14.6 Summary 372 Abbreviations 372 15 Newborn Electrodes for K-Ion Batteries 373 Fatemeh Rezaei, Zeynab Rezaeian and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour 15.1 Introduction 373 15.2 Negative Electrode Materials 375 15.2.1 Carbon Based Materials 381 15.2.1.1 Graphite 381 15.2.1.2 Other Carbonaceous Materials 383 15.2.2 Alloying and Conversion Electrodes 386 15.2.3 Organic Anodes 388 15.3 Positive Electrode Materials 389 15.3.1 Layered Oxide Compounds 389 15.3.2 Hexacyanometallate Groups 394 15.3.3 Polyanionic Compounds 395 15.3.4 Organic Cathode 396 15.4 Conclusions 398 List of Abbreviations 399 References 399 Index 411

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