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Preface xiii 1 Carbon Nanomaterials for Zn-Ion Batteries 1 Prasun Banerjee, Adolfo Franco Jr, Rajender Boddula, K. Chandra Babu Naidu and Ramyakrishna Pothu 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Co4N (CN) - Carbon Fibers Network (CFN) -Carbon Cloth (CC) 2 1.3 N-Doping of Carbon Nanofibers 2 1.4 NiCo2S4 on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes 4 1.5 3D Phosphorous and Sulfur Co-Doped C3N4 Sponge With C Nanocrystal 5 1.6 2D Carbon Nanosheets 6 1.7 N-Doped Graphene Oxide With NiCo2O4 6 1.8 Conclusions 7 Acknowledgements 8 References 8 2 Construction, Working, and Applications of Different Zn-Based Batteries 11 G. Ranjith Kumar, K. Chandra Babu Naidu, D. Baba Basha, D. Prakash Babu, M.S.S.R.K.N. Sarma, Ramyakrishna Pothu, and Rajender Boddula 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 History 13 2.3 Types of Batteries 14 2.3.1 Primary Battery 14 2.3.2 Secondary Battery 14 2.4 Zinc-Carbon Batteries 18 2.5 Zinc-Cerium Batteries 19 2.6 Zinc-Bromine Flow Batteries 20 References 21 3 Nickel and Cobalt Materials for Zn Batteries 25 Sonal Singh, Rishabh Sharma and Manika Khanuja 3.1 Introduction 26 3.2 Zinc Batteries 27 3.3 Nickel-Zinc Battery 27 3.3.1 History 27 3.3.2 Basics 28 3.3.3 Materials and Cost 30 3.3.4 Reliability 30 3.3.5 Voltage Drop 30 3.3.6 Performance 31 3.4 Advantages 31 3.5 Challenges 32 3.6 Effect of Metallic Additives, Cobalt and Zinc, on Nickel Electrode 32 3.7 Conclusion 33 References 34 4 Manganese-Based Materials for Zn Batteries 37 S. Ramesh, K. Chandrababu Naidu, K. Venkata Ratnam, H. Manjunatha, D. Baba Basha and A. Mallikarjauna 4.1 Introduction 37 4.2 History of the Zinc and Zinc Batteries 38 4.3 Characteristics of Batteries 41 4.3.1 Capacity 41 4.3.2 Current 41 4.3.3 Power Density 41 4.4 MN-Based Zn Batteries 42 4.5 Conclusion 44 References 47 5 Electrolytes for Zn-Ion Batteries 51 Praveen Kumar Yadav, Sapna Raghav, Jyoti Raghav and S. S. Swarupa Tripathy 5.1 Introduction 52 5.2 Electrolytes for Rechargeable Zinc Ion Batteries (RZIBs) 53 5.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes (AqEs) 54 5.2.1.1 Pros and Cons of AEs 55 5.2.1.2 Neutral or Mildly Acidic Electrolytes 58 5.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes 59 5.2.2.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes 60 5.2.2.2 Hydrogel or Gel Electrolytes 61 5.2.2.3 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 63 5.2.3 Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 63 5.2.4 Bio-Electrolyte 65 5.3 Summary 65 Abbreviation Table 66 Acknowledgments 66 References 67 6 Anode Materials for Zinc-Ion Batteries 73 Muhammad Mudassir Hassan, Muhammad Inam Khan, Abdur Rahim and Nawshad Muhammad 6.1 Introduction 73 6.2 Storage Mechanism 75 6.3 Zinc-Ion Battery Anodes 77 6.4 Future Prospects 81 6.5 Conclusion 81 References 82 7 Cathode Materials for Zinc-Air Batteries 85 Seyedeh Maryam Mousavi and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour 7.1 Introduction 85 7.1.1 Cathode Definition 86 7.2 Zinc Cathode Structure 87 7.3 Non-Valuable Materials for Cathode Electrocatalytic 89 7.4 Electrochemical Specifications of Activated Carbon as a Cathode 92 7.4.1 Electrochemical Evaluation of Cathode Substances La1 XCaxCoO3 Zinc Batteries 92 7.5 Extremely Durable and Inexpensive Cathode Air Catalyst 93 7.5.1 Co3O4/Mno2 NPs Dual Oxygen Catalyst as Cathode for Zn-Air Rechargeable Battery 94 7.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Employing Nitrogen as Catalyst in the Zinc/Air Battery System 94 7.5.3 Magnesium Oxide NPs Modified Catalyst for the Use of Air Electrodes in Zn/Air Batteries 94 7.5.4 Silver-Magnesium Oxide Nanocatalysts as Cathode for Zn-Air Batteries 95 7.5.5 One-Step Preparation of C-N Ni/Co-Doped Nanotube Hybrid as Outstanding Cathode Catalysts for Zinc-Air Batteries 95 7.6 Hierarchical Co3O4 Nano-Micro Array With Superior Working Characteristics Using Cathode Ray on Pliable and Rechargeable Battery 96 7.7 Dual Function Oxygen Catalyst Upon Active Iron-Based Zn-Air Rechargeable Batteries 97 7.7.1 Co4N and NC Fiber Coupling Connected to a Free-Acting Binary Cathode for Strong, Efficient, and Pliable Air Batteries 98 7.8 Conclusion 98 Nomenclature 99 References 99 8 Anode Materials for Zinc-Air Batteries 103 Abbas Ghareghashi and Ali Mohebbi 8.1 Introduction 104 8.2 Zinc Anodes 105 8.2.1 Downsizing of Zn Anodes 106 8.2.2 Design of Membrane Separators 107 8.2.3 The Use of ZnO Instead of Zn 108 8.2.4 Increase of Surface Area in Zn Anode Structure 110 8.2.5 Coating of Zn Anode 111 8.2.5.1 Bismuth Oxide-Based Glasses 112 8.2.5.2 Silica 114 8.2.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes 115 8.2.5.4 ZnO@C 116 8.2.5.5 Zn-Al LDHs 116 8.2.5.6 ZnO@C-ZnAl LDHs 118 8.2.5.7 Tapioca 119 8.2.5.8 TiO2 122 8.3 Conclusions 123 References 124 9 Safety and Environmental Impacts of Zn Batteries 131 Saurabh Sharma, Abhishek Anand, Amritanshu Shukla and Atul Sharma 9.1 Introduction 131 9.2 Working Principle of Zinc-Based Batteries 132 9.2.1 Zinc-Air Batteries Basic Principle and Advances 133 9.2.2 Zinc Organic Polymer Batteries 135 9.2.3 Zinc-Ion Batteries 137 9.2.3.1 Zinc-Silver Batteries 137 9.2.3.2 Zinc-Nickel Batteries 138 9.2.3.3 Zinc-Manganese Battery 140 9.3 Batteries: Environment Impact, Solution, and Safety 141 9.3.1 Disposal of Batteries and Environmental Impact 143 9.3.2 Recycling of Zinc-Based Batteries 143 9.4 Conclusion 146 Acknowledgement 147 References 147 10 Basics and Developments of Zinc-Air Batteries 151 Seyedeh Maryam Mousavi and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour 10.1 Introduction 151 10.1.1 Public Specifications 151 10.2 Zinc-Air Electrode Chemical Reaction 153 10.3 Zinc/Air Battery Construction 154 10.4 Primary Zn/Air Batteries 157 10.5 Principles of Configuration and Operation 159 10.6 Developments in Electrical Fuel Zn/Air Batteries 161 10.6.1 Zn/Air Versus Metal/Air Systems 161 10.7 Conclusion 162 References 164 11 History and Development of Zinc Batteries 167 Pallavi Jain, Sapna Raghav, Ankita Dhillon and Dinesh Kumar 11.1 Introduction 167 11.2 Basic Concept 169 11.2.1 Components of Batteries 169 11.2.2 Classification of Batteries 171 11.2.2.1 Primary Batteries 171 11.2.2.2 Secondary or Rechargeable Batteries (RBs) 171 11.3 Cell Operation 172 11.3.1 Process of Discharge 172 11.3.2 Process of Charge 172 11.4 History 173 11.5 Different Types of Zinc Batteries 174 11.5.1 Zinc-Carbon Batteries 174 11.5.2 Zinc/Manganese Oxide Batteries (Alkaline Batteries) 174 11.5.3 Zinc/Silver Oxide Battery 174 11.5.4 Zn-Air (Zn-O2) Batteries 176 11.5.4.1 Mechanically Rechargeable Batteries (Zn-O2 Batteries) 177 11.5.4.2 Electrically Rechargeable Batteries (Zn-O2 Batteries) 178 11.5.5 Hybrid Zn-O2 Batteries 178 11.5.5.1 Hybrid Zn-Ni/O2 Batteries 178 11.5.5.2 Hybrid Zn-Co/O2 Batteries 179 11.5.6 Aqueous Zinc-Ion Rechargeable Batteries 180 11.5.6.1 Zn2+ Insertion/Extraction Mechanism 180 11.5.6.2 Chemical Conversion Mechanism 180 11.5.6.3 H+ and Zn2+ Insertion/Extraction Mechanism 181 11.6 Future Perspectives 181 11.7 Conclusion 182 Abbreviations 182 Acknowledgement 183 References 183 12 Electrolytes for Zinc-Air Batteries 187 Zahra Farmani, Mohammad Amin Sedghamiz, and Mohammad Reza Rahimpour 12.1 Introduction 187 12.2 Aqueous Electrolytes 188 12.2.1 Alkaline Electrolytes 189 12.2.1.1 Dissolution of Zinc in Alkaline Systems 189 12.2.1.2 Insoluble Carbonates Precipitation 192 12.2.1.3 Effect of Water 193 12.2.1.4 Hydrogen Evolution 194 12.2.2 Neutral Electrolytes 195 12.2.3 Acidic Electrolytes 196 12.3 Electrolytes of Non-Aqueous 197 12.3.1 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes 199 12.3 Summary 203 References 206 13 Security, Storage, Handling, Influences and Disposal/Recycling of Zinc Batteries 215 Manju Yadav and Dinesh Kumar 13.1 Introduction 215 13.2 Security of Zinc Battery 217 13.2.1 Modifications for Improving Performance 218 13.2.1.1 High Surface Area 218 13.2.1.2 Carbon-Based Electrode Additives 221 13.2.1.3 Discharge-Capturing Electrode Additives 221 13.2.1.4 Electrode Coatings 222 13.2.1.5 Electrolyte Additives 222 13.2.1.6 Heavy-Metals Electrode Additive 222 13.2.1.7 Polymeric Binders 223 13.2.2 Storage and Handling 224 13.3 Influence of Zinc Battery 224 13.3.1 Consumption of Natural Resources 225 13.3.2 Toxicity of Batteries to Humans 226 13.3.3 Toxicity of Batteries to the Aquatic Environment 226 13.4 Disposal/Recycling Options 227 Acknowledgement 228 References 228 14 Materials for Ni-Zn Batteries 235 Vaishali Tomar and Dinesh Kumar 14.1 Introduction 235 14.1.1 Functioning Principles of Nickel-Zinc Battery 237 14.1.2 Ni-Zn Battery Design 238 14.2 Expansion of Ni-Zn Battery 239 14.2.1 Active Materials for the Battery 240 14.3 Application 241 14.4 Conclusion 242 Acknowledgement 243 References 243 Index 249

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