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Preface xi 1 Emerging Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Remediation of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants from Wastewater 1 Prasenjit Kar, Pratyush Jain, Raju Kumar Gupta and Kumud Malika Tripathi 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Graphene Oxide 5 1.2.1 GO and GO-Nanocomposite for Water Remediation via Adsorption 6 1.3 Carbon Nanotube 15 1.3.1 CNTs as Adsorbent 16 1.4 Conclusion 19 Acknowledgements 20 References 20 2 Functional Green Carbon Nanocomposites for Heavy Metal Treatment in Water: Advance Removal Techniques and Practices 31 Sandip Mandal, Sangeeta Adhikari, Pu Shengyan, Ajay Kumar Mishra and R.K Patel 2.1 Introduction 32 2.2 Water Contamination by Heavy Metals 33 2.3 Functional Green Carbon Nanocomposites 34 2.4 Advanced Removal Techniques in Water 36 2.4.1 Sedimentation 36 2.4.2 Chemical Coagulation/Flocculation 38 2.4.3 Chemical Oxidation/Reduction 39 2.4.4 Ion-Exchange Process 40 2.4.5 Adsorption 42 2.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 48 References 48 3 Green Nanocomposites: Advances and Applications in Environmentally Friendly Carbon Nanomaterials 55 Naveen Bunekar and Tsung Yen Tsai 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Nanocomposites and their Processing Methods 57 3.3 Structures of Carbon Materials 58 3.4 Polymer/Carbon-Based Nanocomposite 58 3.5 Removal of Chemical Contaminants 60 3.6 Energy Sector 63 3.7 Gas Sensors 64 3.8 Conclusion and Outlook 65 Acknowledgment 65 References 65 4 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Organic Reactions in Environment Friendly Solvents 71 Priyanka Choudhary, Ajay Kumar, Ashish Bahuguna and Venkata Krishnan 4.1 Introduction 72 4.2 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Coupling Reactions 74 4.2.1 C-C Coupling 74 4.2.2 C-N Coupling 77 4.3 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Oxidation Reactions 80 4.3.1 Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes/Ketones/Acids 80 4.3.2 Oxidation of Amines to Imines 85 4.3.3 Oxidation of Other Functional Groups 85 4.4 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Reduction Reactions 90 4.4.1 Reduction of Nitro Compounds 90 4.4.2 CO2 Reduction 94 4.4.3 Hydrogenation Reactions 97 4.5 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Other Organic Transformation Reactions 100 4.5.1 Aza-Michael Addition 100 4.5.2 Tandem Reaction 108 4.5.3 Esterification Reaction 108 4.5.4 Synthesis of Amides From Alcohols 110 4.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 113 References 114 5 Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposite and Environmental Perspective 121 Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 5.1 Introduction 122 5.2 The Vision of the Study 122 5.3 The Vast Scientific Doctrine of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 123 5.4 Environmental Sustainability and the Vision for the Future 124 5.5 Environmental Protection, the Scientific Ingenuity, and the Visionary Future 124 5.6 Recent Advances in the Field of Nanocomposites 125 5.7 Recent Advances in the Field of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites and Environmental Pollution Control 129 5.8 Carbon-Based Polymer Nano-Composites for Adsorbent Applications 133 5.9 Carbon-Based Polymer Nano-Composites as Anti-Microbial Agents and Membranes 135 5.10 Applications of Carbon Nanocomposites in Removal of Hazardous Organic Substances 136 5.11 Water Purification, Groundwater Remediation, and the Future of Science 137 5.12 Arsenic and Heavy Metal Groundwater Remediation and Composite Science 138 5.13 Integrated Water Resource Management, Human Factor Engineering, and Nanotechnology-A Definite Vision 138 5.14 Technology Management, Environmental Protection, and Water Resource Management 139 5.15 Future of Nanocomposite Applications and Future Research Trends 140 5.16 Conclusion, Summary, and Vast Scientific Perspectives 141 References 142 Important Websites for Reference 144 6 Biochar-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Systems 147 Nhamo Chaukura, Thato M Masilompane, Willis Gwenzi and Ajay K. Mishra 6.1 Introduction 148 6.2 Biosorbents 149 6.2.1 Raw Biomass 150 6.2.2 Activated/Synthetic Biomaterials 152 6.3 Biochar Production Techniques 155 6.4 Application of Biosorbents for the Sequestration of Selected Organic Pollutants 156 6.4.1 Sequestration of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds and Pharmaceuticals 156 6.4.2 Removal of Dyes 157 6.4.3 Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 157 6.5 Removal Mechanisms 163 6.6 Challenges Associated With Biochar Technology 164 6.7 Conclusion 164 6.8 Future Scenario 165 References 165 7 Advances in Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Green Nanocomposites 175 Ambika and Pradeep Pratap Singh 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Green Nanocomposites 176 7.2.1 CNT-Filled Green Nanocomposites 176 7.2.2 Graphene and Its Derivative Filler-Based Nanocomposites 177 7.2.3 Nanodiamond-Filled Green Nanocomposite 177 7.3 Methods of Processing for Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 178 7.3.1 Melt Intercalation 178 7.3.2 Exfoliation Adsorption 178 7.3.3 Emulsion Polymerization 178 7.3.4 In Situ Polymerization 178 7.3.5 Template Synthesis (Sol-Gel Technology) 178 7.3.6 Green Methods 179 7.4 Unique Properties of Carbon-Based Green Nanocomposites 179 7.4.1 Size and Structure 179 7.4.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 180 7.4.3 Electrical Properties 182 7.5 Applications of Carbon-Based Green Nanocomposites 182 7.5.1 Wastewater Treatment 183 7.5.2 Packaging and Coating 184 7.5.3 Sensing and Detection 185 7.5.4 As Catalyst 186 7.5.5 Biomedical Applications 187 7.5.6 Miscellaneous 188 7.6 Future Prospects 188 7.7 Conclusions 189 References 190 8 Removal of Trihalomethanes from Water Using Nanofiltration Membranes 203 Feyisayo Victoria Adams and Peter Apata Olubambi 8.1 Introduction 204 8.2 Factors Influencing the Removal of THMs From Water 204 8.2.1 Effects of Other Contaminants on Formation and Removal of THMs 205 8.2.2 Effects of Transmembrane Pressures, Fluxes, and Feed Concentrations 206 8.2.3 Effect of THMs Adsorption on Rejection 206 8.2.4 Effect of Membrane Materials 207 8.3 Summary and Outlook 208 References 209 9 Nanocomposite Materials as Electrode Materials in Microbial Fuel Cells for the Removal of Water Pollutants 213 Akil Ahmad, Asma Khatoon, Mohammad Faisal Umar, Syed Zaghum Abbas and Mohd Rafatullah 9.1 Introduction 213 9.2 Microbial Fuel Cells: An Emerging Wastewater Treatment and Power Technology 215 9.3 Pollutants Removal Using MFCs System 215 9.3.1 Metal Removal Using MFCs System 216 9.3.2 Organic Pollutants Using MFCs System 224 9.4 Conclusion and Outlook 227 Acknowledgement 228 References 228 10 Plasmonic Smart Nanosensors for the Determination of Environmental Pollutants 237 Ye?eren Saylan, Fatma Y?lmaz, Erdo?an OEzgur, Ali Derazshamshir and Adil Denizli 10.1 Introduction 238 10.2 Principle of Plasmonic Nanosensors 239 10.3 Applications of Plasmonic Nanomaterials in Sensing 241 10.3.1 Recognition Molecules 242 10.3.1.1 Enzymes 242 10.3.1.2 Antibodies 243 10.3.1.3 Aptamers 243 10.3.1.4 DNAzymes 246 10.3.1.5 Whole Cells 246 10.3.2 Quantum Dots 248 10.3.3 Gold Nanoparticles 249 10.3.4 Graphene and Graphene Oxide 253 10.4 Plasmonic Nanosensors 254 10.4.1 Evanescent Wave Fiber Nanosensors 254 10.4.2 SPR Nanosensors 255 10.4.3 SERS and LSPR-Based Optical Nanosensors 261 10.5 Plasmonic Nanosensors for Pollution Control and Early Warning 264 10.6 Conclusion, Key Trends and Perspectives 265 References 266 Index 281

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