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Preface xv Part I Fundamentals of Triboelectric Nanogenerator 1 1 Overview of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 3 Xiaosheng Zhang 1.1 Energy Crisis of Microsystems 3 1.2 Microenergy Technologies 5 1.2.1 Photovoltaic Effect 7 1.2.2 Thermoelectric Effect 7 1.2.3 Electromagnetic Effect 8 1.2.4 Piezoelectric Effect 8 1.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators 9 1.3.1 Principle of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 9 1.3.2 Key Factor: Triboelectric Series 11 1.3.3 Material Progress of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 11 1.3.4 Challenges of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 14 1.4 Summary 14 Abbreviations 15 References 15 2 Structures of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 19 Haixia Zhang 2.1 Operation Mechanisms of TENGs 19 2.1.1 Contact-Separation (CS) Mode 21 2.1.2 Relative-Sliding (RS) Mode 21 2.1.3 Single-Electrode (SE) Mode 22 2.1.4 Freestanding (FS) Mode 22 2.2 Typical Structures of TENGs 24 2.2.1 Plane-Shaped TENGs 24 2.2.2 Arch-Shaped TENGs 26 2.2.3 Zig-Zag-Shaped TENGs 30 2.2.4 Wavy-Shaped TENGs 33 2.2.5 Tank-Shaped TENGs 33 2.2.6 Rotor-Shaped TENGs 33 2.3 Summary 37 Abbreviations 37 References 38 3 Fabrication of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 41 Bo Meng 3.1 Mass Fabrication Technologies for Triboelectric Nanogenerators 41 3.1.1 Soft Lithography 41 3.1.2 Flexible Printed Circuit Manufacture 44 3.1.3 Roll-to-Roll Manufacture 45 3.1.4 3D Printing 46 3.1.5 Textile Manufacture 49 3.2 Performance Enhancement for Triboelectric Nanogenerators 50 3.2.1 Plasma Treatment 51 3.2.2 Wrinkle-Structured Surface 51 3.2.3 Chemical Synthesis 53 3.3 Summary 54 Abbreviations 55 References 55 4 Characterization of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 59 Yu Song 4.1 Electrical Operating Cycles of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 60 4.1.1 V-Q Plot and Its Characteristics 60 4.1.2 Operating Cycles of Energy Output 61 4.1.3 Measurements of Operating Cycles 64 4.2 Standard and Figure of Merits for Quantifying Triboelectric Nanogenerators 66 4.2.1 Figure of Merits of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 66 4.2.2 Structural Figure of Merits of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 67 4.2.3 Material Figure of Merit for Triboelectric Nanogenerators 70 4.3 Summary 73 Abbreviations 74 References 74 5 Power Management of Triboelectric Nanogenerators 77 Xiaoliang Cheng 5.1 Theoretical Analysis of Power Transmittance of TENGs 77 5.1.1 Resistive Load Characteristics of TENGs 78 5.1.2 Capacitive Load Characteristics of TENGs 78 5.2 The Progress in TENG Power Management 81 5.2.1 Using Inductive Transformers 81 5.2.2 Using Capacitive Transformers 82 5.2.3 Using LC Oscillation Circuit 83 5.3 Summary 90 Abbreviations 90 References 91 Part II Approaches to Flexible and Stretchable Device 95 6 Overview of Flexible and Stretchable Approaches 97 Mengdi Han 6.1 Intrinsically Flexible or Stretchable Materials 97 6.1.1 Nanomaterials in Different Dimensions 97 6.1.2 Organic Materials 100 6.1.3 Other Materials 102 6.2 Structural Designs for Flexible and Stretchable Electronics 103 6.2.1 Structural Design for Flexible Electronics 103 6.2.2 2D Structural Design for Stretchable Electronics 105 6.2.3 3D Structural Design for Stretchable Electronics 107 6.3 Summary 107 Abbreviations 107 References 108 7 Flexible and Stretchable Devices from 0D Nanomaterials 113 Zongming Su 7.1 0D Nanomaterials 114 7.1.1 Quantum Dots 114 7.1.2 Carbon Quantum Dots 115 7.1.3 Gold Nanoparticles 116 7.2 Thin Films Using 0D Nanomaterials 117 7.2.1 Casting 117 7.2.2 Dip Coating 118 7.2.3 Langmuir-Blodgett Deposition 120 7.3 Patterning Methods and Applications 121 7.3.1 Screen Printing 121 7.3.2 Inkjet Printing 121 7.3.3 Microcontact Printing 122 7.4 Applications of 0D Nanomaterials 123 7.4.1 Electrodes 124 7.4.2 Light-Emitting Diodes 125 7.4.3 Transistors 125 7.5 Summary 128 Abbreviations 128 References 129 8 Flexible and Stretchable Devices from 1D Nanomaterials 133 Liming Miao 8.1 Carbon Nanotubes 133 8.1.1 Fabrication Methods for CNTs 133 8.1.1.1 CNT-Based Bulk Materials 134 8.1.1.2 CNT-Based Surface Materials 134 8.1.2 Application of CNTs 136 8.2 ZnO Nanowires 138 8.2.1 Synthesis of ZnO Nanowires 139 8.2.2 Applications of ZnO Nanowires 141 8.3 Ag Nanowires 142 8.3.1 Fabrication Methods for Ag Nanowires 142 8.3.2 Applications of Ag Nanowires 143 8.4 Summary 145 Abbreviations 145 References 146 9 Flexible and Stretchable Devices from 2D Nanomaterials 149 Jinxin Zhang 9.1 2D Nanomaterials 149 9.1.1 Graphene 150 9.1.2 TMDs 151 9.1.3 Boron Nitride 151 9.2 Synthesis of Graphene 152 9.2.1 Micromechanical Exfoliation 152 9.2.2 Epitaxial Growth 153 9.2.3 Chemical Exfoliation 153 9.3 Graphene Transfer 154 9.3.1 Mechanical Exfoliation 154 9.3.2 Polymer-Assisted Transfer 154 9.3.3 Roll-to-Roll Transfer 156 9.3.4 \"Transfer-Free\" Method 156 9.4 Applications of Graphene 157 9.4.1 Flexible and Stretchable Transparent Electrodes 157 9.4.2 Nanogenerators 158 9.5 Summary 160 Abbreviations 161 References 161 10 Flexible and Stretchable Devices from Unconventional 3D Structural Design 165 Hangbo Zhao and Mengdi Han 10.1 Stretchable 3D Ribbon and Membrane Structures Formed by Basic Buckling 165 10.1.1 3D Nanoribbons 166 10.1.2 3D Nanomembranes 167 10.1.3 3D Bridge-Island Structures 167 10.2 Deterministic 3D Assembly 167 10.2.1 Basic Approach of Deterministic 3D Assembly 169 10.2.2 3D Kirigami Structure in Micro-/Nanomembranes 172 10.2.3 Buckling Control Assisted by Stress and Strain Engineering 172 10.2.4 Multilayer 3D Structures 173 10.2.5 Freestanding 3D Structures 175 10.2.6 Morphable 3D Structures by Multistable Buckling Mechanics 176 10.3 Flexible and Stretchable Devices from 3D Assembly 177 10.3.1 Electronic Devices and Systems 177 10.3.2 Optical and Optoelectronic Devices 177 10.3.3 Scaffolds as Interfaces with Biological Systems 178 10.4 Summary 180 Abbreviations 181 References 181 11 Flexible and Stretchable Devices from Other Materials 183 Haotian Chen 11.1 Polymer-Based Conductive Materials 183 11.1.1 PANI 184 11.1.2 PPy 185 11.1.3 PEDOT : PSS 185 11.1.4 Organic Nanowires 185 11.2 Composite-Based Conductive Materials 189 11.2.1 Conductive Fillers Blended into Stretchable Elastomers 189 11.2.2 Conductive Film Embedded into Stretchable Elastomer 191 11.3 Textile-Based Conductive Materials 195 11.3.1 Fiber-Based Conductive Materials 195 11.3.2 Textile-Based Conductive Materials 196 11.4 Summary 199 Abbreviations 199 References 200 Part III Self-Powered Smart System 203 12 Active Sensors 205 Xuexian Chen 12.1 Active Touch Sensors 205 12.1.1 Static and Dynamic Pressure Sensor 206 12.1.2 Tactile Imaging Sensor 206 12.1.3 Single-Electrode Touch Sensor 207 12.2 Active Vibration Sensors 210 12.2.1 Vibration Sensor for Quantitative Amplitude Measurement 210 12.2.2 Vibration Acceleration Sensor 212 12.2.3 Vibration Direction Sensor 213 12.2.4 Acoustic Sensor 213 12.3 Active Motion Sensors 215 12.3.1 Linear Displacement Sensor 215 12.3.2 Angle Sensor 217 12.3.3 Omnidirectional Tilt Sensor 217 12.4 Active Chemical/Environmental Sensors 219 12.4.1 Chemical Sensor 219 12.4.2 UV Sensor 221 12.5 Summary 222 Abbreviations 222 References 223 13 Hybrid Sensing Technology 227 Xiaosheng Zhang, Yanyuan Ba, and Mengdi Han 13.1 Dual Hybrid Power Technology 227 13.1.1 Triboelectric-Piezoelectric Nanogenerator 228 13.1.2 Triboelectric-Photovoltaic Nanogenerator 231 13.1.3 Triboelectric-Electromagnetic Nanogenerator 233 13.2 Multiple Hybrid Power Technology 234 13.2.1 Triple Hybrid Generators 234 13.2.2 Four-Mechanism Hybrid Generators 235 13.3 Hybrid Sensors and Applications 238 13.3.1 Piezoelectric-Triboelectric Hybrid Sensors 239 13.3.2 Electromagnetic-Triboelectric Hybrid Sensors 242 13.3.3 Multiple Hybrid Sensors 247 13.4 Summary 249 Abbreviations 250 References 251 14 Smart Actuators 253 Xiaosheng Zhang and Zhaohui Wu 14.1 Actuators in Optics 254 14.1.1 Laser Controller 254 14.1.2 Tunable Optical Membranes 258 14.2 Actuators in Biomedicine 261 14.2.1 Bladder Illness Curation 261 14.2.2 Drug Delivery 264 14.3 Actuators in Industrial Application 267 14.3.1 Electrospinning System 268 14.3.2 Syringe Printing 270 14.4 Actuators in Microfluidic Manipulation 272 14.4.1 Droplet Motion Drive 272 14.4.2 Microfluidic Transport 274 14.5 Summary 276 Abbreviations 276 References 277 15 Flexible and Stretchable Electronic Skin 281 Mayue Shi and Hanxiang Wu 15.1 Design of Electronic Skin 281 15.2 Electronic Skin for Mechanical Sensing 285 15.2.1 Pressure Sensing 285 15.2.2 Sliding Sensing 288 15.2.3 Bending Sensing 288 15.2.4 Location Sensing 289 15.2.5 Strain Sensing 290 15.3 Electronic Skin for Physiological Sensing 294 15.3.1 Multimodal Sensing 294 15.3.2 Physiological Monitoring 296 15.3.3 Signal Transmission 298 15.3.4 Reliability 298 15.4 Summary 301 Abbreviations 301 References 302 Part IV Applications of Flexible and Stretchable Self-Powered Smart System 305 16 All-in-One Self-Powered Microsystems 307 Xiaosheng Zhang and Danliang Wen 16.1 All-in-One Energy Harvester 308 16.1.1 One-Structural Triple-mechanism Energy Harvester 309 16.1.2 One-Structural Flexible Energy Harvester 310 16.1.3 One-Structural Multi-mechanism Energy Harvester 312 16.2 All-in-One Power Unit 316 16.2.1 Connection of TENGs and Traditional Circuits 316 16.2.2 Integration of TENGs and Flexible Supercapacitors 320 16.3 All-in-One Self-Powered Microsystems 326 16.3.1 All-Fiber-Based Self-Powered Microsystem 326 16.3.2 All-in-One Self-charging Smart Bracelet 326 16.3.3 Other Research of All-in-One Self-Powered Microsystems 327 16.4 Summary 335 Abbreviations 335 References 336 17 Applications in Biomedical Systems 339 Cunman Liang and Mengdi Han 17.1 Power Sources of Implantable Medical Devices 340 17.1.1 Power Source for Pacemakers 340 17.1.2 Power Source for Medical Lasers 342 17.1.3 Hybrid Power Source for Medical Applications 344 17.2 Active Monitoring 345 17.2.1 Nanogenerators for Cardiac Monitoring 345 17.2.2 Multifunctional Real-Time Monitoring 347 17.2.3 Versatile Energy Conversion and Monitoring 350 17.2.4 Self-Powered Wireless Body Sensor Network 352 17.3 Self-Powered System for Electric Stimulation in Tissue Engineering 353 17.3.1 Self-Powered Electrical-Stimulation-Assisted Neural Differentiation System 353 17.3.2 Biodegradable TENG for in Vivo Short-Term Stimulation 354 17.3.3 Absorbable Bioresorbable in Vivo Natural-Materials-Based TENGs 355 17.4 Summary 356 Abbreviations 357 References 357 18 Applications in Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence 359 Mayue Shi and Hanxiang Wu 18.1 Applications in Internet of Things 359 18.1.1 Internet of Things 359 18.1.2 Self-Powered Sensing Nodes 360 18.1.3 Wireless Communication 363 18.1.4 Power Management Circuit 364 18.2 Applications in Artificial Intelligence 367 18.2.1 Artificial Intelligence 367 18.2.2 Electronic Skin 368 18.2.3 Robotic Prosthetics 371 18.2.4 Human-Machine Interfaces 374 18.3 Summary 376 Abbreviations 376 References 377 19 Applications in Environmental Monitoring/Protection 379 Hang Guo and Wei Tang 19.1 Self-powered EnvironmentalMonitoring System 379 19.1.1 Phenol Detection 380 19.1.2 Dopamine Detection 382 19.1.3 Heavy Metal Ion Detection 383 19.2 Self-powered Environmental Protection 384 19.2.1 Degradation of AAB 384 19.2.2 Degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) System 384 19.2.3 Removing Fly Ash and SO2 385 19.2.4 Seawater Desalination (SD) and Electrolysis (SE) System 386 19.3 Self-powered Electrochemistry System 388 19.3.1 Water Electrolysis Units 388 19.3.2 Electrochemical Polymerization System 389 19.3.3 Electrochemical Reduction System 390 19.4 Self-powered Anticorrosion 391 19.4.1 Driven by Mechanical Energy 392 19.4.2 Driven by Wave Energy 393 19.5 Summary 394 Abbreviations 394 References 395 Index 399

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