图书简介
A comprehensive review of the theory and practice for designing, operating, and optimizing electric distribution systems, revised and updated Now in its second edition, Electric Distribution Systems has been revised and updated and continues to provide a two-tiered approach for designing, installing, and managing effective and efficient electric distribution systems. With an emphasis on both the practical and theoretical approaches, the text is a guide to the underlying theory and concepts and provides a resource for applying that knowledge to problem solving. The authors-noted experts in the field-explain the analytical tools and techniques essential for designing and operating electric distribution systems. In addition, the authors reinforce the theories and practical information presented with real-world examples as well as hundreds of clear illustrations and photos. This essential resource contains the information needed to design electric distribution systems that meet the requirements of specific loads, cities, and zones. The authors also show how to recognize and quickly respond to problems that may occur during system operations, as well as revealing how to improve the performance of electric distribution systems with effective system automation and monitoring. This updated edition: * Contains new information about recent developments in the field particularly in regard to renewable energy generation * Clarifies the perspective of various aspects relating to protection schemes and accompanying equipment * Includes illustrative descriptions of a variety of distributed energy sources and their integration with distribution systems * Explains the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources, various types of energy storage systems and the role they play to improve power quality, stability, and reliability Written for engineers in electric utilities, regulators, and consultants working with electric distribution systems planning and projects, the second edition of Electric Distribution Systems offers an updated text to both the theoretical underpinnings and practical applications of electrical distribution systems.
Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Part I Fundamental Concepts Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Introduction and Background 3 1.2 Power System Structure 3 1.3 Distribution Level 5 1.4 General 7 Chapter 2 Distribution System Structure 9 2.1 Distribution Voltage Levels 9 2.2 Distribution System Configuration 9 2.3 General Comments 22 Chapter 3 Distribution System Planning 23 3.1 Duties of Distribution System Planners 23 3.2 Factors Affecting the Planning Process 25 3.3 Planning Objectives 31 3.4 Solutions for Meeting Load Forecasts 37 Chapter 4 Load Forecasting 41 4.1 Introduction 41 4.2 Important Factors for Forecasts 42 4.3 Forecasting Methodology 43 4.4 Spatial Load Forecasting (SLF) 56 4.5 End-Use Modeling 64 4.6 Spatial Load Forecast Methods 65 Part II Protection And Switchgear Chapter 5 Earthing Of Electric Distribution Systems 75 5.1 Basic Objectives 75 5.2 Earthing Electrical Equipment 76 5.3 System Earthing 93 5.4 MV Earthing Systems 99 5.5 Earthing Systems in LV Distribution Networks 104 Chapter 6 Short-Circuit Studies 111 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Short-Circuit Analysis 113 Chapter 7 Protection: Current-Based Schemes 163 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Types of Relay Construction 166 7.3 Overcurrent Protection 171 7.4 Directional Protection 187 7.5 Differential Protection 193 Chapter 8 Protection: Other Schemes 207 8.1 Overvoltage Protection 207 8.2 Thermal Protection 220 8.3 Reclosers, Sectionalizers, Fuses 223 Chapter 9 Switchgear Devices 235 9.1 Need for Switchgear 235 9.2 MV Switchgear Devices 237 9.3 LV Switchgear Devices 244 9.4 Protection Classes 250 9.5 Specifications and Implementation of Earthing 251 9.6 Assessment of Switchgear 253 9.7 Safety and Security of Installations 255 9.8 Application Trends in MV Switchgear 256 Chapter 10 Switchgear Installation 261 10.1 Steps for Installing Switchgear 261 10.2 Switchgear Layout 262 10.3 Dimensioning of Switchgear Installations 264 10.4 Civil Construction Requirements 275 10.5 ARC-Flash Hazards 282 Part III Power Quality Chapter 11 Electric Power Quality 297 11.1 Overview 297 11.2 Power Quality Problems 298 11.3 Cost of Power Quality 304 11.4 Solutions of Power Quality Problems 310 11.5 Solution Cycle for Power Quality Problems 317 Chapter 12 Voltage Variations 321 12.1 Voltage Quality 321 12.2 Methods of Voltage Drop Reduction 329 12.3 Voltage Sag Calculations 345 12.4 Estimation of Distribution Losses 356 Chapter 13 Power Factor Improvement 361 13.1 Background 361 13.2 Shunt Compensation 365 13.3 Need for Shunt Compensation 366 13.4 An Example 368 13.5 How to Determine Compensation 370 Chapter 14 Harmonics in Electric Distribution Systems 379 14.1 What Are Harmonics? 379 14.2 Sources of Harmonics 384 14.3 Disturbances Caused by Harmonics 391 14.4 Principles of Harmonic Distortion Indications and Measurement 396 14.5 Frequency Spectrum and Harmonic Content 398 14.6 Standards and Recommendations 400 Chapter 15 Harmonics Effect Mitigation 403 15.1 Introduction 403 15.2 First Class of Solutions 403 15.3 Second Class of Solutions 404 15.4 Third Class of Solutions 406 15.5 Selection Criteria 409 15.6 Case Studies 409 Part IV Management And Automation Chapter 16 Demand-Side Management And Energy Efficiency 431 16.1 Overview 431 16.2 DSM 432 16.3 Needs to Apply DSM 433 16.4 Means of DSM Programs 434 16.5 International Experience with DSM 437 16.6 Potential for DSM Application 438 16.7 The DSM Planning Process 439 16.8 Expected Benefits of Managing Demand 444 16.9 Energy Efficiency 444 16.10 Scenarios Used for Energy-Efficiency Application 445 16.11 Economic Benefits of Energy Efficiency 445 16.12 Application of Efficient Technology 445 Chapter 17 SCADA Systems 465 17.1 Introduction 465 17.2 Definitions 469 17.3 SCADA Components 470 17.4 SCADA Systems Architectures 473 17.5 SCADA Applications 480 17.6 SCADA and Grid Modernization 484 Part V Distributed Energy Resources And Microgrids Chapter 18 Distributed Generation 489 18.1 Power Systems and Distributed Generation 489 18.2 Performance of Distributed Generators 493 18.3 Case Study 518 Chapter 19 Electrical Energy Storage 535 19.1 Introduction 535 19.2 Electrical Energy Storage 535 19.3 Role of Electrical Energy Storage 538 19.4 Types of EES Systems 540 19.5 Energy Storage Application 550 Chapter 20 Microgrids And Smart Grids 553 20.1 Background 553 20.2 MG Benefits 555 20.3 MG Operation 556 20.4 Challenges 556 20.5 Handling the Challenges 557 20.6 Control Methodology 558 20.7 Case Study 560 20.8 Protection for MGs 570 20.9 Concluding Remarks on MGs 572 20.10 Smart Grids 572 Appendix A Data Of Microgrid Components 581 Appendix B Matlab Simulink Models 583 References 589 Index 601
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