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Acknowledgements; Microbiome Working Group Participants; Introduction: Looking Back and Looking Forward; Rosamond Rhodes; The Project Collaborators; Our Method; The Scope of this Volume; Reading this Book; 1. The Human Microbiome: Science, History and Research; Lily E. Frank, Martin J. Blaser, Kurt Hirschhorn, Daniel A. Moros, Matthew E. Rhodes, Sean Philpott, Rhoda Sperling, Keith Benkov; Introduction; The Role of Microorganisms in the Environment; The Use of Microorganisms in Industry and Food Production; The History of Microorganisms in Human Health and Disease; The Human Microbiome; Human Microbiome Project and the National Institutes of Health; Research Tools and Methods; Acquisition of the Microbiome; Interactions between the Microbiome and the Host Genome; Manipulating the Microbiome for Medical Purposes; Conclusion; 2. Personal Identity: Our Microbes, Ourselves; Nada Gligorov, Jody Azzouni, Douglas P. Lackey, Arnold Zweig; Introduction; Personal Identity over Time; The Human Microbiome and Numerical Identity; The Human Microbiome and Conceptions of Self; The Impact of Science on Commonsense Conceptions of Self; Conclusion; Policy Recommendations; 3. Property and Research on the Human Microbiome; Mary Ann Baily, Abraham P. Schwab, Joseph Goldfarb, Kurt Hirschhorn, Rosamond Rhodes, Brett Trusko; Four Controversial Cases; Introduction; Ownership and Property in Philosophy; Ownership and Property in the Social Sciences; Ownership and Property in the Context of Biomedical Research; Current Property Structures and Research on the Human Microbiome; Patents; Copyrights; Property Rights and Biological Samples; Conclusion; Policy Recommendations; 4. Privacy, Confidentiality, and New Ways of Knowing More; Nada Gligorov, Lily E. Frank, Abraham P. Schwab, Brett Trusko; Introduction; Philosophical Approaches to Privacy; Confidentiality; Legislations to Protect Medical and Research Information; Data Sharing; Conclusion; Policy Recommendations; 5. Research Ethics; Rosamond Rhodes, Joseph W. Dauben, Lily E. Frank, Daniel A. Moros, Sean Philpott, Martin J. Blaser; Introduction; The Landscape of Microbiome Research; Historical Development of Research Ethics Regulation and Guidelines; Research Ethics and Human Microbiome Research; Critical Reflections on the U.S. Framework for Human Subject Research; Implications for the Conduct of Human Subject Microbiome Research; Research and Regulation of Probiotics and Phages; Conclusion; Policy Recommendations; 6. Biobanks and the Human Microbiome; Abraham P. Schwab, Barbara Brenner, Joseph Goldfarb, Rochelle Hirschhorn, Sean Philpott; Introduction; What is a Biobank?; Human Microbiome Biobanks; Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) of Human Microbiome Biobanks; International Biobanks; Community Consultation: A Reasonable Approach to Participatory Research; Discrimination and Other Issues; Conclusion; Policy Recommendations; 7. Public Health and Research on Populations; Rosamond Rhodes, Stefan Bernard Baumrin, Martin J. Blaser, William J. Earle, Debbie Indyk, Ethylin Wang Jabs, Daniel A. Moros, Lynne D. Richardson, Henry S. Sacks; Microbes and Public Health; Public Health, Liberty, and Privacy; Public Health Functions; Public Health Agency Powers; Public Health Methods; Research Regulations and Public Health Data Gathering; Quality Assurance, Quality Improvement and Surveillance; De Minimis Risk: A Proposal for a New Category of Research Risk; Additional Factors in the Ethical Conduct of Population Studies; Prevention and Education; Cautions for Public Health Policy Makers; Coda: Further Philosophical Reflections on Public Health and the Microbiome; Policy Recommendations; Glossary; Index

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