The human brain is made up of billions of neurons that communicate with each other through chemical messengers, which are referred to as neuroactive substances. These neuroactive substances include neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones. Some neurotransmitters also act as neuromodulators and neurohormones. It would be cynical if there were ever a consensus about the meanings of these neuroactive substances, including neurotransmitters, since the term ‘neurotransmitter’ has traditionally been used very loosely indeed, to include neurotransmitters, neurohormones, neuromodulators, and neuromodulators. Any alterations in the functioning of these neuroactive substances can cause diseases.The brain is the ultimate center that regulates all neurological and behavioral aspects of the body through neuronal communications mediated via various neurochemicals, as discussed above. Thus, neurologic and psychiatric disorders are, in most cases, the result of disturbing the neurochemical balance. Besides the multifaceted involvement of billions of neuronal cells, the central nervous system is a complex organization with a diverse number of neurotransmitter systems, as compared to the autonomic nervous system, in which the parasympathetic system works on the ‘rest and digest’ phenomenon, and the sympathetic system on the ‘fight or flight’ phenomenon. There are more than 20 neurotransmitter systems and multiple receptors for each neurotransmitter. Any alterations in neurochemical balance are expressed in the form of neurologic or psychiatric disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, psychosis, depression, and so on. Acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-HT are of the utmost importance among neurotransmitters for their profound role in the pathogenesis of various neurologic and psychiatric disorders in humans. Yet the involvement of various proteins and peptides, such as neurotrophic factors, growth factors, and endogenous

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