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Preface Nomenclature    1             Heat Exchangers: Semantics        1.1         Heat Transfer in a Heat Exchanger 1.1.1      Heat Exchanger as a Part of a System 1.1.2      Heat Exchanger as a Component 1.2         Modelling a Heat Exchanger        1.2.1      Temperature Distributions in Counterflow and Parallel flow          1.2.2      True Meaning of the Heat Exchanger Effectiveness 1.2.3      Temperature Difference Distributions 1.2.4      Temperature Distributions in Crossflow Exchangers          1.3         Irreversibility in Heat Exchangers 1.3.1      Entropy Generation Caused by Finite Temperature Differences 1.3.2      Entropy Generation Associated with Fluid Mixing 1.3.3      Entropy Generation Caused by Fluid Friction                       1.4         Thermodynamic Irreversibility and Temperature Cross Phenomena           1.4.1      Maximum Entropy Generation    1.4.2      External Temperature Cross and Fluid Mixing Analogy 1.4.3      Thermodynamic Analysis for 1-2 TEMA J Shell and Tube Exchanger            1.5         Heuristic Approach to an Assessment of Heat Exchanger Effectiveness     1.6         Energy, Exergy and Cost Balances in the Analysis of Heat Exchangers 1.6.1      Temperature-Enthalpy Rate Change Diagram       1.6.2      Analysis Based on an Energy Rate Balance 1.6.3      Analysis Based on Energy/Enthalpy and Cost Rate Balancing 1.6.4      Analysis Based on an Exergy Rate Balance 1.6.5      Thermodynamic Figure of Merit for Assessing Exchanger Performance 1.6.6      Accounting for the Cost of Exergy Losses in a Heat Exchanger       1.7         Performance Evaluation Criteria Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics                    References          2             Overview of Heat Exchanger Design Methodology: The Art            2.1         Heat Exchanger Design Methodology       2.1.1      Process and Design Specications             2.1.2      Thermal and Hydraulic Design     2.1.3      Mechanical Design          2.1.4      Manufacturing Considerations and Cost Estimates            2.1.5      Trade-o Factors             2.1.6      Optimum Design              2.1.7      Other Considerations      2.2         Interactions Among Design Considerations 2.3         Design Heat Exchangers for Manufacturing 2.3.1      Brazed Heat Exchangers 2.3.2      Additive Manufacturing Heat Exchangers (3-D Printing)                   References                        3             Thermal Design Theory for Recuperators              3.1         Heat Flow and Thermal Resistance           3.2         Heat Exchanger Design Variables/Parameters      3.2.1      Assumptions for Heat Exchanger Analysis             3.2.2      Problem Formulation     3.2.3      Definitions of Dimensional Variables        3.2.4      Thermal Size and UA       3.3         The -NTU Method         3.3.1      Heat Exchanger Effectiveness 3.3.2      Heat Capacity Rate Ratio C*        3.3.3      Number of Transfer Units NTU   3.4         Effectiveness - NTU Relationships            3.4.1      Single-Pass Exchangers/Counterflow Exchangers 3.4.2      Exchangers with Other Flow Arrangements 3.4.3    Interpretation of -NTU Results 3.4.4   Stream Symmetry 3.5         The P-NTU Method         3.5.1      Temperature Effectiveness P       3.5.2      Number of Transfer Units, NTU 3.5.3      Heat Capacity Rate Ratio R           3.5.4      General P-NTU Functional Relationship 3.6         P-NTU Relationships      3.6.1      Parallel Counterflow Exchanger, Shell Fluid Mixed, 1-2 TEMA E Shell      ass Exchangers 3.7         The Mean Temperature Difference Method         3.7.1      Log-Mean Temperature Difference, LMTD            3.7.2      Log-Mean Temperature Difference Correction Factor F   3.8         F Factors for Various Flow Arrangements              3.8.1      Counterflow Exchanger 3.8.2      Parallelflow Exchanger   3.8.3      Other Basic Flow Arrangements                3.8.4      Heat Exchanger Arrays and Multipassing               3.9         Comparison of the -NTU, P-NTU, and MTD Methods      3.9.1      Solutions to the Sizing and Rating Problems         3.9.2      The -NTU Method Revisited       3.9.3      The P-NTU Method Revisited       3.9.4      The MTD Method Revisited          3.10       The   and P1-P2 Methods             3.10.1   The  Method      3.10.2   The P1-P2 Method          3.11       Solution Methods for Determining Exchanger Eectiveness           3.11.1    Exact Analytical Methods              3.11.2    Approximate Methods    3.11.3    Numerical Methods         3.11.4    Matrix Formalism             3.11.5    Chain Rule Methodology               3.11.6    Flow-Reversal Symmetry               3.11.7    Rules for the Determination of Exchanger Eectiveness with One Fluid Mixed      3.12       Heat Exchanger Design Problems              References          4             Relaxation of Selected Design Assumptions. Extended SUrfaces 4.1         Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction Eects 4.1.1      Exchangers with C* = 0  4.1.2      Single-Pass Counterow Exchanger          4.1.3      Single-Pass Parallelow Exchanger           4.1.4      Single-Pass Unmixed-Unmixed Crossow Exchanger        4.1.5      Other Single-Pass Exchangers      4.1.6      Multipass Exchangers     4.2         Nonuniform Overall Heat Transfer Coecients    4.2.1      Temperature Eect         4.2.2      Length Eect      4.2.3      Combined Eect              4.3         Additional Considerations for Extended Surface Exchangers          4.3.1      Thin Fin Analysis               4.3.2      Fin Eciency      4.3.3      Fin Eectiveness              4.3.4      Extended Surface Eciency         4.4         Additional Considerations for Shell-and-Tube Exchangers               4.4.1      Shell Fluid Bypassing and Leakage            4.4.2      Unequal Heat Transfer Area in Individual Exchanger Passes           4.4.3      Finite Number of Baes 4.5         Flow Maldistribution 4.5.1      Geometry-induced Flow Maldistribution 4.5.2      Operating Condition-induced Flow Maldistribution 4.5.3      Mitigation of Flow Maldistribution References                        5             Thermal Design Theory for Regenerators 5.1         Heat Transfer Analysis 5.1.1 Assumptions for Regenerator Heat Transfer Analysis            5.1.2 Definitions and Description of Important Parameters            5.1.3 Governing Equations           5.2         The -NTUo Method        5.2.1      Dimensionless Groups    5.2.2      Inuence of Core Rotation and Valve Switching Frequency             5.2.3      Convection Conductance Ratio (hA)*       5.2.4      -NTUo Results for a Counterow Regenerator   5.2.5      -NTUo Results for a Parallelow Regenerator    5.3         The   Method      5.3.1      Comparison of the -NTUo and  Methods             5.3.2      Solutions for a Counterow Regenerator               5.3.3      Solution for a Parallelow Regenerator   5.4         Influence of Longitudinal Wall Heat Conduction 5.5         Influence of Transverse Wall Heat Conduction     5.5.1      Simplified Theory            5.6         Influence of Pressure and Carryover Leakages     5.6.1      Modeling of Pressure and Carryover Leakages for a Rotary Regenerator       5.7         Influence of Matrix Material, Size, and Arrangement        References         6             Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop Analysis 6.1         Introduction 6.1.1      Importance of Pressure Drop      6.1.2      Fluid Pumping Devices   6.1.3      Major Contributions to the Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop            6.1.4      Assumptions for Pressure Drop Analysis                6.2         Extended Surface Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop               6.2.1      Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers            6.2.2      Tube-Fin Heat Exchangers            6.3         Regenerator Pressure Drop         6.4         Tubular Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop   6.4.1      Tube Banks         6.4.2      Shell-and-Tube Exchangers          6.5         Plate Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop        6.6         Pressure Drop Associated with Fluid Distribution Elements            6.6.1      Pipe Losses         6.6.2      Sudden Expansion and Contraction Losses            6.6.3      Bend Losses       6.7         Pressure Drop Presentation         6.7.1      Nondimensional Presentation of Pressure Drop Data       6.7.2      Dimensional Presentation of Pressure Drop Data               6.8         Pressure Drop Dependence on Geometry and Fluid Properties     References         7             Surface Heat Transfer and Flow Friction Characteristics   7.1         Basic Concepts   7.1.1      Boundary Layers              7.1.2      Types of Flows   7.1.3      Free and Forced Convection        7.1.4      Basic Definitions              7.2         Dimensionless Groups    7.2.1      Fluid Flow           7.2.2      Heat Transfer     446 7.2.3      Dimensionless Surface Characteristics as a Function of the Reynolds Number        7.3         Experimental Techniques for Determining Surface Characteristics              7.3.1      Steady-State Kays and London Technique             7.3.2      Wilson Plot Technique   7.3.3      Transient Test Techniques           7.3.4      Friction Factor Determination     7.4         Analytical and Semiempirical Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Correlations for Simple Geometries        7.4.1      Fully Developed Flows    7.4.2      Hydrodynamically Developing Flows        7.4.3      Thermally Developing Flows        7.4.4      Simultaneously Developing Flows             7.4.5      Extended Reynolds Analogy        7.4.6      Limitations of j vs. Re Plot            7.5         Experimental Heat Transfer and Friction Factor Correlations for Complex Geometries                7.5.1      Tube Bundles     7.5.2      Plate Heat Exchanger Surfaces    7.5.3      Plate-Fin Extended Surfaces        7.5.4      Tube-Fin Extended Surfaces        7.5.5      Regenerator Surfaces     7.6         Influence of Temperature-Dependent Fluid Properties    7.6.1      Correction Schemes for Temperature-Dependent Fluid Properties                          7.7    Influence of Superimposed Free Convection               7.7.1      Horizontal Circular Tubes             7.7.2      Vertical Circular Tubes   7.8         Influence of Superimposed Radiation      7.8.1      Liquids as Participating Media    7.8.2      Gases as Participating Media       References          8                     Geometry of Heat Exchangers Surfaces        8.1         Tubular Heat Exchangers              8.1.1      Inline Arrangement          8.1.2      Staggered Arrangement 8.2         Tube-Fin Heat Exchangers            8.2.1      Circular Fins on Circular Tubes 8.2.2      Plain Flat Fins on Circular Tubes  8.2.3      General Geometric Relationships for Tube-Fin Exchangers             8.3         Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers            8.3.1      Oset Strip Fin Exchanger            8.3.2      Corrugated Louver Fin Exchanger              8.3.3      General Geometric Relationships for Plate-Fin Surfaces   8.4         Regenerators with Continuous Cylindrical Passages          8.4.1      Triangular Passage Regenerator 8.5         Shell-and-Tube Exchangers with Segmental Baes           8.5.1      Tube Count         8.5.2      Window and Crossow Section Geometry             8.5.3      Bypass and Leakage Flow Area 8.6         Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers               References                         9             Heat Exchanger Design Procedures           9.1         Fluid Mean Temperatures             9.1.1      Heat Exchangers with     9.1.2      Counterow and Crossow Heat Exchangers        9.1.3      Multipass Heat Exchangers          9.2         Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers            9.2.1      Rating Problem  9.2.2      Sizing Problem   9.3         Tube-Fin Heat Exchangers            9.3.1      Surface Geometries         9.3.2      Heat Transfer Calculations           9.3.3      Pressure Drop Calculations          9.3.4      Core Mass Velocity Equation       9.4         Plate Heat Exchangers    9.4.1      Limiting Cases for the Design       9.4.2      Uniqueness of a PHE for Rating and Sizing             9.4.3      Rating a PHE      9.4.4      Sizing a PHE        9.5         Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 9.5.1      Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Calculations      9.5.2      Rating Procedure             9.5.3      Approximate Design Method      9.5.4      More Rigorous Thermal Design Method 9.6         Note on Heat Exchanger Optimization                    References                        10          Selection of Heat Exchangers and Their Components        10.1       Selection Criteria Based on Operating Parameters             10.1.1   Operating Pressures and Temperatures 10.1.2   Cost       10.1.3   Fouling and Cleanability                10.1.4   Fluid Leakage and Contamination             10.1.5   Fluids and Material Compatibility             10.1.6   Fluid Type           10.2       General Selection Guidelines for Major Exchanger Types                10.2.1   Shell-and-Tube Exchangers          10.2.2   Plate Heat Exchangers    10.2.3   Extended-Surface Exchangers     10.2.4   Regenerator Surfaces     10.3       Some Quantitative Considerations 10.3.1   Screening Methods         10.3.2   Performance Evaluation Criteria               10.3.3   Evaluation Criteria Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics              10.3.4   Selection Criterion Based on Cost Evaluation        References          

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