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Part I Introduction 1. Welding Processes 1.1 Overview 1.2 Gas Welding 1.3 Arc Welding 1.4 High Energy Beam Welding 1.5 Resistance Spot Welding 1.6 Solid State Welding Examples References Further Reading Problems 2. Heat Flow 2.1 Heat Sources 2.2 Heat Flow in Fusion Welding 2.3 Effect of Fusion Welding Parameters 2.4 Weld Thermal Insulator Examples References Further Reading Problems 3. Fluid Flow 3.1 Fluid Flow in Arcs 3.2 Effect of Metal Vapor on Arcs 3.3 Arc Power- and Current-Density Distributions 3.4 Fluid Flow in Weld Pools 3.5 Flow Oscillation and Ripple Formation 3.6Active Flux GTAW Examples References Further Reading Problems 4. Mass Transfer 4.1 Convective Mass Transfer in Weld Pools 4.2 Evaporation of Volatile Solutes 4.3 Filler-Metal-Drop Explosion and Spatter 4.4 Spatter in GMAW of Magnesium 4.5 Diffusion Bonding Examples References Further Reading Problems 5. Chemical Reactions in Welding 5.1 Overview 5.2 Gas-Metal Reactions 5.3 Slag-Metal Reactions Examples References Further Reading Problems 6. Residual Stresses, Distortion and Fatigue 6.1 Residual Stresses 6.2 Distortion 6.3 Fatigue Examples References Further Reading Problems Part II The Fusion Zone 7. Introduction to Solidification 7.1 Solute Redistribution during Solidification 7.2 Constitutional Supercooling 7.3 Solidification Modes 7.4 Microsegregation Caused by Solute Redistribution 7.5 Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing 7.6 Effect of Dendrite Tip Undercooling 7.7 Effect of Growth Rate 7.8 Solidification of Ternary Alloys Examples References Further Reading Problems 8. Solidification Modes 8.1 Solidification Modes of Weld Metal 8.2 Dendrite Spacing and Cell Spacing 8.3 Effect of Welding Parameters 8.4 Refining Microstructure within Grains Examples References Further Reading Problems 9. Nucleation and Growth of Grains 9.1 Epitaxial Growth at Fusion Line 9.2 Non-Epitaxial Growth at Fusion Line 9.3 Growth of Columnar Grains 9.4 Effect of Welding Parameters on Columnar Grains 9.5 Control of Columnar Grains 9.6 Nucleation Mechanisms of Equiaxed Grains 9.7 Grain Refining 9.8 Identifying Grain Refining Mechanisms 9.9 Grain-Boundary Migration Examples References Further Reading Problems 10. Microsegregation 10.1 Case III Solute Redistribution and Microsegregation 10.2 Effect of Travel Speed on Microsegregation 10.3 Effect of Primary Solidification Phase on Microsegregation 10.4 Effect of Maximum Solid Solubility on Microsegregation Examples References Further Reading Problems 11. Macrosegregation 11.1 Macrosegregation in Fusion Zone 11.2 Quick Freezing of One Liquid Metal in Another 11.3 Macrosegregation in Dissimilar-Filler Welds 11.4 Macrosegregation in Dissimilar-Metal Welds 11.5 Reduction of Macrosegregation 11.6 Macrosegregation in Multiple-Pass Welds Examples References Further Reading Problems 12. Some Alloy-Specific Microstructures and Properties 12.1 Austenitic Stainless Steels 12.2 Low-Carbon, Low-Alloy Steels 12.3 Ultralow Carbon Bainitic Steels 12.4 Creep Resistant Steels 12.5 Hardfacing of Steels Examples References Further Reading Problems 13. Solidification Cracking 13.1 Characteristics of Solidification Cracking 13.2 Theories of Solidification Cracking 13.3 Analytical Equations for Crack Susceptibility 13.4 Solidification Cracking Tests 13.5 Solidification Cracking of Stainless Steels 13.6 Factors Affecting Solidification Cracking 13.7 Reducing Solidification Cracking Examples References Further Reading Problems 14. Ductility-Dip Cracking 14.1 Characteristics of Ductility-Dip Cracking 14.2 Theories of Ductility-Dip Cracking 14.3 Test Methods 14.4 Ductility-Dip Cracking of Ni-Base Alloys 14.5 Ductility-Dip Cracking of Stainless Steels Examples References Further Reading Problems Part III Partially Melted Zone 15. Liquation in Partially Melted Zone 15.1 Evidence of Liquation 15.2 Liquation Mechanisms 15.3 Solidification of Grain-Boundary Liquid 15.4 Grain-Boundary Segregation Examples References Further Reading Problems 16. Liquation Cracking 16.1 Liquation Cracking in Arc Welding 16.2 Liquation Cracking in Resistance Spot Welding 16.3 Liquation Cracking in Friction-Stir Welding 16.4 Liquation Cracking in Dissimilar-Metal Friction-Stir Welding Examples References Further Reading Problems Part IV Heat-Affected-Zone 17. Introduction to Solid-State Transformations 17.1 Work-Hardened Materials 17.2 Heat-Treatable Al Alloys 17.3 Heat-Treatable Ni-base Alloys 17.4 Steels 17.5 Stainless Steels Examples References Further Reading Problems 18. Heat-Affected-Zone Degradation of Mechanical Properties 18.1 Grain Coarsening 18.2 Recrystallization and Grain Growth 18.3 Overaging in Al Alloys 18.4 Dissolution of Precipitates in Ni-Base Alloys 18.5 Martensite Tempering in Dual-Phase Steels Examples References Further Reading Problems 19. Heat-Affected-Zone Cracking 19.1 Hydrogen Cracking in Steels 19.2 Lamellar Tearing in Steels 19.3 Stress-Relief Cracking in Steels 19.4 Type-IV Cracking in Grade 91 Steel 19.5 Strain-Age Cracking in Ni-base Alloys Examples References Further Reading Problems 20. Heat-Affected-Zone Corrosion 20.1 Weld Decay of Stainless Steels 20.2 Weld Decay of Ni-base alloys 20.3 Knife-Line Attack of Stainless Steels 20.4 Sensitization of Ferritic Stainless Steels 20.5 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Austenitic Stainless Steels Examples References Further Reading Problems Part V Special Topics 21. Additive Manufacturing 21.1 Heat and Fluid Flow 21.2 Residual Stress and Distortion 21.3 Lack of fusion and porosity 21.4 Grain Structure 21.5 Solidification Cracking 21.6 Liquation Cracking 21.7 Graded Transition Joints Examples References Further Reading Problems 22. Dissimilar-Metal Joining 22.1 Arc and Laser Joining 22.2 Resistance Spot Welding 22.2 Friction Stir Welding 22.3 Solid-State Welding Examples References Further Reading Problems 23. Welding of Magnesium Alloys 23.1 Spatter 23.2 Porosity 23.3 Internal Oxide Films 23.4 High Crowns Examples References Further Reading Problems 24. Welding of High-Entropy Alloys and Metal-Matrix Nanocomposites 24.1 High Entropy Alloys 24.2 Metal-matrix Nanocomposites Examples References Further Reading Problems Index

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