图书简介

Introduction: Four Questions of Ethics; What Are the Source, Meaning, and Justification of Ethical Claims?; 1. Distinguish Between Evaluative Statements and Statements Presenting Nonevaluative Facts; 2. Distinguish Between Moral and Nonmoral Evaluations; 3. Determine Who Ought to Decide; What Kinds of Acts Are Right?; Consequentialism; Deontological or Duty-Based Ethics; Other Issues of Normative Ethics; How Do Rules Apply to Specific Situations?; What Ought to Be Done in Specific Cases?; Notes; PART I: Ethics and Values in Pharmacy; Chapter 1: A Model for Ethical Problem Solving; The Five-Step Model; Application of the Model; 1. Respond to the Sense That Something Is Wrong; 2. Gather Information; 3. Identify the Ethical Problem/Moral Diagnosis; 4. Seek a Resolution; 5. Work with Others to Choose a Course of Action; Notes; Chapter 2: Values in Health and Illness; Identifying Value Judgments in Pharmacy; Separating Ethical and Other Evaluations; Chapter 3: What Is the Source of Moral Judgments?; Grounding Ethics in the Professional Code; Grounding Ethics in the Prescriber’s Orders; Grounding Ethics in Hospital Policy; Grounding Ethics in the Patient’s Values; Grounding Ethics in Religious or Philosophical Perspectives; Notes; PART II: Ethical Principles in Pharmacy Ethics; Chapter 4: Benefiting the Patient and Others: The Duty to Do Good and Avoid Harm; Benefiting the Patient; Health in Conflict with Other Goods; Relating Benefits and Harms; Benefits of Rules and Benefits in Specific Cases; Benefiting Society and Individuals Who Are Not Patients; Benefits to Society; Benefits to Specific Nonpatients; Benefit to the Profession; Benefit to the Pharmacist and the Pharmacist’s Family; Notes; Chapter 5: Justice: The Allocation of Health Resources; Justice Among Patients; Justice Between Patients and Others; Justice in Public Policy; Justice and Other Ethical Principles; Notes; Chapter 6: Autonomy; Determining Whether a Patient Is Autonomous; External Constraints on Autonomy; Overriding the Choices of Autonomous Persons; Notes; Chapter 7: Veracity: Dealing Honestly with Patients; The Condition of Doubt; Lying in Order to Benefit; Protecting the Patient by Lying; Protecting the Welfare of Others; Special Cases of Truth Telling; Patients Who Don’t Want to Be Told; Family Members Who Insist the Patient Not Be Told; The Right of Access to Medical Records; Notes; Chapter 8: Fidelity: Promise-Keeping and Confidentiality; The Ethics of Promises: Explicit and Implicit; The Limits on the Promise of Confidentiality; Breaking Confidence to Benefit the Patient; Breaking Confidence to Benefit Others; Incompetent, Impaired, and Dishonest Colleagues; Notes; Chapter 9: Avoidance of Killing; Active Killing Versus Letting One Die; Withholding Versus Withdrawing Treatment; Direct Versus Indirect Killing; Justifiable Omissions; Voluntary and Involuntary Killing; Killing as Punishment; Notes; Part III: Special Problem Areas; Chapter 10: Abortion, Sterilization, and Contraception; Abortion; Abortion for Medical Problems of the Fetus; Abortion Following Sexual Assault; Abortion to Save the Life of the Pregnant Woman; Abortion and the Mentally Incapacitated Woman; Abortion for Socioeconomic Reasons; Sterilization; Contraception; Notes; Chapter 11: Genetics, Birth, and the Biological Revolution; Genetic Counseling; Genetic and Genomic Screening; In Vitro Fertilization; Surrogate Motherhood; Gene Therapy; Notes; Chapter 12: Mental Health and Behavior Control; The Concept of Mental Health; Mental Illness and Autonomous Behavior; Mental Illness and Third-Party Interests; Other Behavior-Controlling Therapies; Notes; Chapter 13: Formularies and Drug Distribution Systems; Formularies; Eliminating Unproven Therapies; Eliminating Proven but Marginally Beneficial Therapies; Eliminating Proven but Cost-Ineffective Therapies; Appeals to Override Formularies; Physician Behavior with Drug Company Influence; Drug Distribution Systems; Mail-Order Pharmacies; Drugs from Outside the US; Notes; Chapter 14: Health Insurance, Health System Planning, and Rationing; Patient Autonomy and Mandated Insurance; Morally Controversial Treatment Coverage; Insurance Coverage for Expensive Drugs; Marginally Beneficial, Expensive Medications; Off-label Therapies; Notes; Chapter 15: Experimentation on Human Subjects; Calculating Risks and Benefits; Privacy and Confidentiality; Equity in Research; Conflicts of Interest in Research; Informed Consent in Research; Notes; Chapter 16: Consent and the Right to Refuse Treatment; The Elements of a Consent; The Standards for Consent; Comprehension and Voluntariness; Notes; Chapter 17: Death and Dying; The Definition of Death; Competent and Formerly Competent Patients; Never-Competent Patients; Limits Based on Interests of Others; Notes; Appendix: Codes of Ethics

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