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Contents; Preface; Acknowledgments; 1. The Domain of Evolutionary Ecology; 1.1 Introduction: The individual in ecology and evolution; 1.2 Plant evolutionary ecology; 1.3 The time scale of evolutionary ecology; 1.4 Principles and general themes of evolutionary ecology; 2. Natural Selection in the Plant Population; 2.1 Natural selection as a population attribute; 2.1.1 Classifying the agents of selection; 2.1.2 Natural selection as cause vs. effect; 2.1.3 How natural selection causes microevolution; 2.1.4 The meaning of genotype by environment interactions; 2.1.5 Can selection occur without an external agent?; 2.1.6 Internal agents and the evolutionary role of development; 2.2 Allelic, genotypic, and phenotypic selection; 2.2.1 The classic case of Avena barbata; 2.2.2 Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations; 2.2.3 Selection analysis of quantitative traits; 2.2.4 Experimental approaches to natural selection; 2.3 Natural selection in plants: what have we learned?; 3. The Common Garden Approach; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Single common garden, no environmental factors varied; 3.3 Multiple common gardens, no environmental factors varied; 3.4 Single or multiple common gardens, one or more environmental factors varied; 3.5 Natural selection in the common garden; 3.6 Questions and considerations in using common garden experiments; 3.7 Utility and applications of the common garden approach; 4. Reciprocal Transplant Experiments; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 A brief aside on adaptation; 4.3 Testing hypotheses with the standard design; 4.4 Diversity of reciprocal transplant approaches; 4.4.1 Modification and expansion of reciprocal transplant designs; 4.4.2 Long-term experiments; 4.5 Selection coefficients and selection gradients; 4.6 Reasons for the lack of local adaptation; 4.7 Reciprocal transplant experiments: where to from here?; 5. Molecular Approaches; 5.1 Introduction: what is molecular ecology?; 5.2 Molecular genetic variation within and between populations; 5.2.1 Allozymes; 5.2.2 DNA markers; 5.2.3 Life history traits and molecular variation; 5.2.4 Comparisons of population differentiation: molecular markers vs. quantitative traits; 5.3 Molecular approaches to studying selection and adaptation; 5.3.1 Correlations of molecular markers with environmental variables; 5.3.2 The molecular genetic basis of adaptation; 5.4 Other uses of molecular markers; 5.4.1 Gene flow; 5.4.2 Fine-scale genetic structure; 5.4.3 Hybridization; 5.5 Wrap up; 6. Abiotic Agents of Selection; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Edaphic factors; 6.2.1 Population responses to distinct soil types; 6.2.2 Metalliferous soils; 6.3 Climatic factors; 6.3.1 Temperature; 6.3.2 Precipitation, drought, and soil water; 6.3.3 Climate change; 6.4 Other abiotic factors; 6.4.1 Light; 6.4.2 Salt; 6.5 Wrap up; 7. Biotic Interactions. I. Competition & Facilitation; 7.1 The ubiquity of biotic interactions; 7.2 Competition and competitive ability; 7.3 Genetic variation in competitive ability; 7.4 Differentiation, local adaptation, and competition; 7.4.1 Genetic differentiation; 7.4.2 Reciprocal transplants and local adaptation; 7.4.3 Fine-scale adaptation to neighbors; 7.5 Genotypic interactions and competitive outcomes; 7.5.1 Genetic relatedness and intraspecific competition; 7.5.2 Sibling competition and kin selection; 7.6 Selection experiments; 7.7 Other genetic aspects of competition; 7.8 Allelopathy; 7.9 Facilitation; 7.10 Wrap up; 8. Biotic Interactions. II. Microbial Symbiosis; 8.1 The ubiquity of plant-microbe interactions; 8.2 Parasites/pathogens; 8.2.1 Genetic variation in host resistance; 8.2.2 Local adaptation; 8.2.3 Host sexual reproduction; 8.3 Rhizobial bacteria; 8.4 Mycorrhizae; 8.5 Systemic leaf endophytes; 8.5.1 Genetic variation in host response; 8.5.2 Local adaptation; 8.6 Wrap up; 9. Biotic Interactions. III. Animals; 9.1 Animals as agents of natural selection; 9.2 Herbivory; 9.2.1 Quantitative genetic variation and selection for resistance and tolerance; 9.2.2 Selection on quantitative candidate traits; 9.2.3 Plant adaptation; 9.2.4 Molecular genetic approaches; 9.3 Pollination; 9.3.1 Genetic variation in floral traits; 9.3.2 Pollinator-mediated selection; 9.3.3 Floral adaptation; 9.3.4 Molecular genetic tools; 9.4 Fruit and seed dispersal; 9.4.1 Selection mediated by fruit consumers; 9.4.2 Molecular genetic tools; 9.5 Wrap up; 10.Future Directions; 10.1 A few predictions; 10.2 More than a few questions; 10.2.1 Natural selection and adaptation; 10.2.2 Biotic interactions

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