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Part A: Core Concepts; 1: Introduction; (Leeanne M. Carey); 1.1 Stroke Rehabilitation: An ongoing window of opportunity; 1.2 The scope of the problem: Prevalence and impact of stroke and increasing need for Stroke Rehabilitation; 1.3 Recovery and Rehabilitation: Definitions; 1.4 Neural plasticity and learning as a basis for stroke rehabilitation; 1.5 Neuroimaging and how it may inform stroke rehabilitation; 1.6 Paradigm shift in stroke rehabilitation; 2: Stroke Rehabilitation: A Learning Perspective; (Leeanne M. Carey, Helene J. Polatajko, Lisa Tabor Connor and Carolyn M. Baum); 2.1 Stroke Rehabilitation: facilitation of adaptive learning; 2.2 A common language for rehabilitation science; 2.3 Experience and learning-dependent plasticity: Implications for rehabilitation; 2.4 Role of brain networks in information processing and recovery; 2.5 Skill acquisition - a learning perspective; 2.5.1 Explicit, task-specific and goal-driven; 2.5.2 Involve active-problem solving and be responsive to environmental demands; 2.6 Application in context of recovery after stroke; 2.7 Rehabilitation Learning Model: Rehab-Learn; 2.8 Selected learning-based approaches to rehabilitation; 2.8.1 Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP); 2.8.2 SENSe: A perceptual learning approach to rehabilitation of body sensations after stroke; 2.8.3 Language: Constraint-Induced Aphasia Therapy; 2.9 Measuring response to learning-based rehabilitation; 2.10 Summary and Conclusion; 3: Neural Plasticity as a basis for Stroke Rehabilitation; (Michael Nilsson, Milos Pekny and Marcela Pekna); 3.1 Neural plasticity after brain and spinal cord injury; 3.1.1 Experience-dependent plasticity of the cerebral cortex; 3.1.2 Spontaneous recovery of function after stroke; 3.1.3 Cortical map rearrangements; 3.1.4 Contralateral hemisphere involvement; 3.1.5 Contralesional axonal remodelling of the corticospinal system; 3.2 Implications for stroke rehabilitation; 3.3 Increasing neural plasticity through behavioural manipulations and adjuvant therapies; 3.3.1 Enriched environment and multimodal stimulation; 3.3.2 Non-invasive brain stimulation; 3.3.3 Pharmacological modulators of neural plasticity; 3.3.4 Emerging targets; 3.4 Individualized therapy; 4: Imaging techniques provide new insights; (J-Donald Tournier, Richard Masterton and Rudiger J. Seitz); 4.1 Introduction to neuroimaging techniques and their potential to provide new insight; 4.2 What neuroimaging can tell us; 4.2.1 Measuring brain perfusion; 4.2.2 Measuring water diffusion (Diffusion weighted imaging); 4.2.3 Measuring regional cerebral metabolism; 4.2.4 Assessing structural brain lesions; 4.3 Measuring brain function with MRI; 4.3.1 The BOLD image contrast; 4.3.2 The BOLD response to neuronal activity; 4.3.2.1 The time-course of evoked BOLD signal changes; 4.3.2.2 Neurovascular coupling; 4.3.3 fMRI experimental design and analysis; 4.3.3.1 Task-related activation studies; 4.3.3.2 Resting-state studies of brain function; 4.3.4 Applications of fMRI in stroke rehabilitation; 4.4 Structural connectivity, including tractography; 4.4.1 Modelling diffusion in white matter; 4.4.1.1 Diffusion tensor imaging; 4.4.1.2 Higher-order models; 4.4.2 Estimating biologically relevant parameters; 4.4.2.1 Estimating fibre orientations; 4.4.2.1 Tractography; 4.4.3 Application to stroke recovery; 5: Multimodal neurophysiological investigations; (Cathrin M. Buetefisch and Aina Puce); 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and Electroencephalography (EEG); 5.2.1 Methodological considerations; 5.2.1.1 Site of recording in EEG and MEG; 5.2.1.2 Source modelling of EEG and MEG data; 5.2.1.3 Considerations when studying reorganization the motor system with multimodal MEG/EEG; 5.2.1.4 Neurophysiological rhythms and potential insights into stroke recovery; 5.2.2 Multimodal MEG / EEG studies of activity in primary sensorimotor cortex in stroke recovery; 5.3 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS); 5.3.1 Methodological considerations; 5.3.2 TMS measures of motor cortex; 5.3.2.1 Motor threshold; 5.3.2.2 MEP amplitude; 5.3.2.3 MEP latency and central motor conduction time; 5.3.2.4 Cortical silent period; 5.3.2.5 Input-output curves; 5.3.2.6 Short Interval Cortical Inhibition (SICI); 5.3.2.7 Intracortical facilitation (ICF); 5.3.2.8 Interhemispheric inhibition (IHI); 5.3.3 Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); 5.3.4 Multimodal TMS/brain imaging studies of stroke recovery; 5.4 The future? Neurorehabilitative studies of stroke recovery and the brain-computer interface; Part B: Stroke pathophysiology and recovery; 6: Stroke: Pathophysiology, Recovery potential and Timelines for Recovery and Rehabilitation; (Rudiger J. Seitz and Geoffrey A. Donnan); 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Pathophysiology; 6.2.1 From Cerebral Ischemia towards Brain Infarction; 6.2.2 Reversal of Ischemia; 6.2.3 Patterns of Residual Brain Infarcts after Thrombolysis; 6.2.4 Functional Consequences of Brain Infarcts; 6.3 Recovery Potential; 6.3.1 The Role of the Penumbra; 6.3.2 Perilesional Plasticity; 6.3.3 Infarct induced Disconnections; 6.3.4 Regenerative Therapies using Stem Cell Approaches; 6.3.5 Rehabilitative Effect of Physical Training; 6.3.6 Rehabilitative Effect of Mental Training; 6.4 Timelines for Recovery and Rehabilitation; 6.5 Conclusions; Part C: Stroke Rehabilitation: Creating the right learning conditions for rehabilitation; 7: Organisation of care; (Dominique Cadilhac, Tara Purvis, Julie Bernhardt and Nicole Korner-Bitinsky); 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Models of stroke rehabilitation services; 7.2.1 Inpatient care; 7.2.2 Community based rehabilitation as an alternative to inpatient rehabilitation; 7.2.3 Current perspectives on the way forward for providing stroke rehabilitation; 7.2.4 Characteristics of stroke rehabilitation services; 7.3 Factors affecting access to organised stroke rehabilitation; 7.3.1 Staffing Resources and the Interdisciplinary Approach to Rehabilitation; 7.4 Ensuring the quality of care; 7.4.1 Monitoring and improving the quality of care in rehabilitation for stroke; 7.4.2 What do clinical audits tell us about quality of rehabilitation; 7.4.3 Establishing programs to increase the uptake of evidence into clinical practice; 7.5 Innovations in rehabilitation and application in clinical practice; 7.6 Summary of key messages; 8: Motivation, mood and the right environment; (Thomas Linden and Michael Nilsson); 8.1 Introduction; 8.1.1 Frequency and nature of post-stroke depression; 8.1.2 Impact of post-stroke depression; 8.1.3 Etiology of depression after stroke; 8.2 Is post-stroke depression a specific disorder?; 8.3 Predictors of post6-stroke depression; 8.4 Functional and structural brain changes with depression; 8.4.1 Functional brain changes; 8.4.2 Morphological brain changes; 8.4.3 Depression, cognition and brain networks; 8.5 Treatment of depression in stroke patients; 8.5.1 Non-pharmacological treatment options; 8.5.2 Enriched environment; 8.5.3 Cortical stimulation and depression; 8.5.4 Physical activity; 9: Training principles to enhance learning-based rehabilitation and neuroplasticity; (Paulette van Vliet, Thomas A. Matyas and Leeanne M. Carey); 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Task-specific activation of brain regions; 9.3 Influence of task characteristics on sensorimotor performance; 9.4 Task-specific nature of motor learning; 9.5 Task complexity; 9.6 Behavioural evidence for task-specific training; 9.7 Mental practice of tasks to enhance motor learning; 9.8 Increasing repetitions to enhance motor learning; 9.9 Transfer of training effects; 9.10 Implicit and explicit learning; 9.11 Key clinical messages; 10: Adjunctive therapies; (Charlotte J. Stagg and Heidi Johansen-Berg); 10.1 Introduction & Rationale; 10.1.1 Insights from animal models; 10.1.1.1 The need for multiple sessions of stimulation; 10.1.1.2 Combination with physical therapy; 10.2 Pharmacological studies; 10.2.1 Amphetamines; 10.2.2 Dopaminergic Agents; 10.2.3 Cholinergic Agents; 10.2.4 Serotoninergic Agents; 10.3 Transcranial stimulation techniques; 10.3.1 Abnormal interhemispheric balance; 10.3.2 Introduction to the techniques; 10.3.2.1 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS); 10.3.2.2 Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS); 10.3.2.3 Placebo controls; 10.3.3 rTMS trials; 10.3.3.1 Acute Stroke; 10.3.3.2 Chronic Stroke; 10.3.4 tDCS trials; 10.3.5 The necessity for individually targeted treatments; 10.3.6 Safety of transcranial stimulation approaches; 10.4 Novel therapeutic Approaches; 10.4.1 Direct Cortical Stimulation; 10.4.2 Robotic Therapy/Neuroprosthetics; 10.4.3 Stem Cell Therapy; 10.4.4 Growth Factors; 10.5 Conclusions; Part D: Rehabilitation of common functions; 11: Movement; (Cathy Stinear and Isobel Hubbard); 11.1 Introduction; 11.2 Repetitive Task-Specific Training; 11.2.1 Description; 11.2.2 Behavioural Effects; 11.2.3 Neural Mechanisms; 11.2.4 Summary; 11.3 Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy; 11.3.1 Description; 11.3.2 Behavioural Effects; 11.3.3 Neural Mechanisms; 11.3.4 Summary; 11.4 Mental Practice; 11.4.1 Description; 11.4.2 Behavioural Effects; 11.4.3 Neural Mechanisms; 11.4.4 Summary; 11.5 Electrostimulation and EMG Biofeedback; 11.5.1 Description; 11.5.2 Behavioural Effects; 11.5.3 Neural Mechanisms; 11.5.4 Summary; 11.6 Robot-Assisted Training; 11.6.1 Description; 11.6.2 Behavioural Effects; 11.6.3 Neural Mechanisms; 11.6.4 Summary; 11.7 Virtual Reality and Visuomotor Tracking Training; 11.7.1 Description; 11.7.2 Behavioural Effects; 11.7.3 Neural Mechanisms; 11.7.4 Summary; 11.8 Other Approaches; 11.9 Conclusions; 12: Touch and body sensations; (Leeanne M. Carey); 12.1 Somatosensory function; 12.2 Somatosensory Loss after Stroke; 12.3 Central processing of somatosensory information; 12.3.1 A model of somatosensory processing; 12.3.2 Key features of central processing of somatosensory information; 12.4 Neural correlates of sensory recovery after stroke; 12.5 Treatment Principles and Strategies Arising from Neuroscience; 12.5.1 Goal-directed attention and deliberate anticipation; 12.5.2 Calibration across modality and within modality; 12.5.3 Graded progression within sensory attributes and across sensory attributes and tasks; 12.6 Current approaches to sensory rehabilitation; 12.6.1 Passive stimulation and bombardment; 12.6.2 Attended stimulation of specific body sites; 12.6.3 Graded sensory exercises with feedback; 12.6.4 Eclectic approach involving sensorimotor exercises; 12.6.5 Perceptual learning and neuroscience based approach: Stimulus Specific and Transfer Enhanced Training; 12.7 Towards a neuroscience-based model of sensory rehabilitation; 13: Vision; (Amy Brodtmann); 13.1 Introduction; 13.2 Anatomy of visual pathways; 13.2.1 The retinogeniculate pathway; 13.2.2 The geniculostriate pathway; 13.2.3 Extrageniculostriate pathways; 13.3 Ipsilateral representation of the visual hemifield; 13.4 Striate-extrastriate connections - the what and where pathways; 13.5 Ventral extrastriate cortex: visual object recognition and processing; 13.6 Colour and movement; 13.6.1 Dorsal extrastriate cortex: visual motion perception; 13.7 Visual syndromes caused by stroke; 13.7.1 Visual field deficits following stroke; 13.7.1.1 Monocular visual deficits; 13.7.2 Homonymous visual deficits; 13.7.2.1 Lateral geniculate nucleus lesions; 13.7.2.2 Quandrantanopic visual field defects; 13.7.2.3 Hemianopic visual field defects; 13.7.3 Disorders of higher visual cognition commonly caused by stroke; 13.8 Mechanisms of recovery following stroke; 13.8.1 Neural plasticity post-stroke; 13.8.2 Mechanisms of recovery following injury to the visual system; 13.8.3 Cross-modal plasticity in the visual system; 13.8.3.1 The dorsal extrastriate pathway - a possible site for surrogacy; 13.9 Visual recovery hypotheses; 13.9.1 Experiments in visual recovery following stroke; 13.9.1.1 PET studies in the visual system following stroke; 13.9.1.2 MRI studies in the visual system following stroke; 13.10 Restorative therapies: rehabilitating the human visual system; 13.11 Summary; 14: Goal driven Attention in Recovery Post-Stroke; (Sheila Gillard Crewther, Nahal Goharpy, Louise Bannister and Gemma Lamp); 14.1 Introduction; 14.1.1 General background to stroke rehabilitation; 14.1.2 Goal directed action and the visual system; 14.2 What is attention?; 14.2.1 Neuroanatomical interaction between the attention and visual systems; 14.2.2 Attention and multisensory integration; 14.3 Learning needs attention, working memory and motivation; 14.3.1 Neural Plasticity: Learning in the brain; 14.3.2 Attention and working memory; 14.3.3 Selective attention is also guided by emotive and motivational evaluation of the target stimuli; 14.3.4 The case of depression; 14.4 The effect of brain lesions on attention; 14.5 Rehabilitation post-stroke; 14.5.1 Training attention post-stroke; 14.6 Summary and conclusion; 15: Space and body awareness; (Jason Mattingley); 16: Executive functions; (Susan M. Fitzpatrick and Carolyn M. Baum); 16.1 Stroke Rehabilitation: The Role of Executive Functions; 16.2 Overview of a multi-level understanding of executive functions; 16.3 Neural Substrates of Executive Functions; 16.3.1 Neural Measures and Interventions; 16.4 Behavioural measures and interventions; 16.4.1 Measures to Identify Brain Related Behaviours; 16.4.2 Measures to identify the Behavioural Consequences of Stroke; 16.4.3 Performance Based Tests; 16.5 Behavioural and Performance Interventions; 16.5.1 Interventions at the Behavioural Level; 16.5.2 Intervention at the Performance Level; 16.6 Conclusions; 17: Language; (Lisa Tabor Connor); 17.1 Neuroscience of Language: Neuropsychological and lesion-symptom; mapping evidence; 17.2 Functional Neuroimaging of Language and Recovery; 17.2.1 White matter tractography; 17.2.2 Functional connectivity MRI; 17.3 Current Models of Language Rehabilitation; 17.4 Treatment Principles/Strategies Arising from Neuroscience and Cognitive; Neuroscience; 17.5 Toward a Neuroscientifically-Based Model of Aphasia Rehabilitation; Part E: New Perspectives and directions for stroke rehabilitation research; 18: Targeting viable brain networks to improve outcomes after stroke; (Cathy Stinear and Winston Byblow); 18.1 Introduction; 18.2 Measuring Connectivity to Predict Motor Outcomes; 18.2.1 Functional Integrity of Motor Pathways; 18.2.1.1 Crossed Corticospinal Tract; 18.2.1.2 Uncrossed Corticospinal Tract; 18.2.1.3 Interhemispheric Pathways; 18.2.2 Structural Imaging of Motor Pathways; 18.2.3 Combined Approaches; 18.2.4 Algorithm for Predicting Upper Limb Motor Outcomes; 18.2.5 The Lower Limb; 18.2.6 Conclusions; 18.3 Priming Approaches; 18.4 Conclusions; 19: Directions for stroke rehabilitation clinical practice and research; (Leeanne M. Carey); 19.1 Introduction; 19.2 Key findings for stroke rehabilitation clinical practice; 19.3 Beyond the lesion: Impact of focal lesion on brain networks and rehabilitation; 19.4 Use of network-based models of recovery in stroke rehabilitation; 19.5 Targeting of stroke rehabilitation to the individual; 19.6 Guidelines to facilitate the translation of evidence to clinical practice; 19.7 Perspectives and directions for stroke rehabilitation research; 19.8 Conclusion

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