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Introduction; PART 1: THE LAND ETHIC; 1. A Sand County Almanac; 1.1 The Author; 1.2 The Provenance of the Book; 1.3 The Unity of A Sand County Almanac-An Evolutionary-Ecological Worldview; 1.4 The Argument of the Foreword-Toward Worldview Remediation; 1.5 The Argument in Part I-The Inter-subjective Biotic Community-Introduced; 1.6 The Argument of Part I-The Inter-subjective Biotic Community-Driven Home; 1.7 The Argument in Part II-The Evolutionary Aspect: Time and Telos; 1.8 The Argument in Part II-The Evolutionary Aspect: Beauty, Kinship, and Spirituality; 1.9 The Argument of Part II-The Ecological Aspect; 1.10 The Argument of Part II-The Pivotal Trope: Thinking Like a Mountain; 1.11 Norton’s Narrow Interpretation of Leopold’s Worldview-remediation Project; 1.12 The Argument of Part III-To See with the Ecologist’s Mental Eye; 1.13 The Argument of Part III-Axiological Implications of the Evolutionary-Ecological Worldview; 1.14 The Argument of Part III-The Normative Implications of the Evolutionary-Ecological Worldview; 1.15 The Persuasive Power of Leopold’s Style of Writing; 1.16 The New Shifting Paradigm in Ecology and the Evolutionary-Ecological Worldview; 1.17 The Challenge Before Us; 2. The Land Ethic: A Critical Account of Its Philosophical and Evolutionary Foundations; 2.1 The Odysseus Vignette; 2.2 Expansion of the Scope of Ethics Over Time (?); 2.3 Ethical Criteria/Norms/Ideals versus (un)Ethical Behavior/Practice; 2.4 Ethics Ecologically (Biologically) Speaking; 2.5 Darwin’s Account of the Origin of Ethics by Natural Selection; 2.6 Darwin’s Account of the Extension of Ethics; 2.7 The Community Concept in Ecology; 2.8 The Humean Foundations of Darwin’s Evolutionary Account of the Moral Sense; 2.9 Universalism and Relativism: Hume and Darwin; 2.10 How Hume Anticipates Darwin’s Account of the Origin and Expansion of Ethics; 2.11 Shades of the Social-Contract Theory of Ethics in The Land Ethic; 2.12 Individualism in (Benthamic) Utilitarianism and (Kantian) Deontology; 2.13 Holism in Hume’s Moral Philosophy; 2.14 Holism in The Land Ethic; 2.15 The Land Ethic and the Problem of Ecofascism Resolved; 2.16 Prioritizing Cross-community Duties and Obligations; 2.17 Is The Land Ethic Anthropocentric or Non-anthropocentric?; 3. The Land Ethic (an Ought): A Critical Account of Its Ecological Foundations (an Is); 3.1 Moore’s Naturalistic Fallacy; 3.2 Hume’s Is/Ought Dichotomy and the Land Ethic; 3.3 How Hume Bridges the Lacuna Between Is-statements and Ought-statements; 3.4 How Kant Infers Ought-statements from Is-statements in Hypothetical Imperatives; 3.5 The Specter of Hume’s Is/Ought Dichotomy Finally Exorcised; 3.6 The Roles of Reason and Feeling in Hume’s Ethical Theory Generally and Leopold’s Land Ethic Particularly; 3.7 How the General Theory of Evolution Informs the Land Ethic; 3.8 How Ecosystem Ecology Informs the Land Ethic-Beyond the Biota; 3.9 How Ecosystem Ecology Informs the Land Ethic-A Fountain of Energy; 3.10 How Organismic Ecology Informs the Land Ethic; 3.11 How Mechanistic Ecology Informs the Land Ethic; 3.12 How the Ecosystem Paradigm Returns Ecology to Its Organismic Roots; 3.13 How Leopold Anticipates Hierarchy Theory in The Land Ethic; 3.14 Ecological Ontology and the Community Paradigm in Ecology; 3.15 Ecological Ontology and the Ecosystem Paradigm in Ecology; 3.16 The Flux of Nature Paradigm Shift in Contemporary Ecology and The Land Ethic; 3.17 A Revised Summary Moral Maxim for the Land Ethic; 4. The Land Ethic and the Science of Ethics: From the Seventeenth through the Twentieth Centuries; 4.1 Hobbes’s Science of Ethics; 4.2 Locke’s Science of Ethics; 4.3 Hume’s Science of Ethics; 4.4 Kant’s Science of Ethics; 4.5 The Utilitarian Science of Ethics; 4.6 How Logical Positivism Cleaved Apart Science and Ethics; 4.7 Ayer’s Migration of a Science of Ethics from Philosophy to the Social Sciences; 4.8 Kohlberg’s Social Science of Ethics; 4.9 Gilligan’s Social Science of Ethics; 4.10 Group Selection in Darwin’s Science of Ethics; 4.11 Group Selection in Wynne-Edwards’s Evolutionary Biology; 4.12 Williams’s Attack on Group Selection; 4.13 Huxley’s and Williams’s Anti-natural (and Anti-logical) View of Ethics; 4.14 Sociobiology: Wilson’s Neo-Darwinian Account of the Origin of Ethics; 4.15 The Fallacies of Division and Composition in the Sociobiological Science of Ethics; 4.16 Sociobiology and Biological Determinism; 4.17 The Evolutionary Foundations of the Land Ethic in Light of the Modern and the New Syntheses in Evolutionary Biology; 5. The Land Ethic and the Science of Ethics: In the Light of Evolutionary Moral Psychology; 5.1 Singer’s Response to the Evolutionary Account of Ethics; 5.2 Rachels’ Response to the Evolutionary Account of Ethics; 5.3 Darwin’s Alternative to Animal Ethics a la Singer and Rachels; 5.4 Midgley’s Alternative to Animal Ethics a la Singer and Rachels; 5.5 A Community-based Analysis of Ethical Partiality; 5.6 A Community-based Analysis of Ethical Impartiality; 5.7 Dennett, Singer, Arnhart, and Haidt on the Philosophical Implications of Darwinism; 5.8 Group Selection Revisited; 5.9 The Analogy between Language and Ethics; 5.10 Hume on Nature and Nurture in Ethics; 5.11 Post-Positivist Ethical Absolutism; 5.12 Wherefore Post-Positivist Ethical Rationalism and Exclusionism; 5.13 Moral Norms in Humean Ethics Analogous to Medical Norms; 5.14 Critically Appraising Moral Norms in Terms of Intra-social Functionality and Inter-social Harmony; 5.15 A Humean-Darwinian Science of Ethics and Constrained Cultural Relativism; 5.16 The Philosophical Foundations of the Land Ethic Vindicated by the Contemporary Science of Ethics, but Limited to Ecological Spatial and Temporal Scales; PART II: THE EARTH ETHIC; 6. The Earth Ethic: A Critical Account of Its Philosophical Foundations; 6.1 Leopold and Biblical Tropes; 6.2 Ezekiel and Virtue Ethics-Both Individualistc and Holistic; 6.3 Ezekiel and Responsibility to Future Generations; 6.4 Ezekiel and Deontological Respect for the Earth as a Living Thing; 6.5 Leopold Dimly Envisions Hierarchy Theory in Some Fundamentals; 6.6 How Leopold Interprets P. D. Ouspensky and His Book, Tertium Organum; 6.7 The Earth’s Soul or Consciousness; 6.8 A Scalar Resolution of a Dead Earth versus the Earth as a Living Being; 6.9 Respect for Life as Such; 6.10 Leopold’s Charge that Both Religion and Science are Anthropocentric; 6.11 How Leopold Ridicules Metaphysical Anthropocentrism; 6.12 Leopold’s Use of Irony as an Instrument of Ridicule; 6.13 Norton’s Reading of Leopold as an Anthropocentric Pragmatist; 6.14 Ouspensky, Leopold, and Linguistic Pluralism-according to Norton; 6.15 Leopold’s Return to Virtue Ethics; 6.16 Leopold’s Non-anthropocentric Anthropocentrism; 6.17 The Leopold Earth Ethic: A Summary and a Preview; 7. The Earth Ethic: A Critical Account of Its Scientific Metaphysical Foundations; 7.1 Ouspensky’s Metaphysics and the Four-dimensional Space-time Continuum; 7.2 Vernadsky’s Metaphysics and the Four-dimensional Space-time Continuum: Space; 7.3 Vernadsky’s Metaphysics and the Four-dimensional Space-time Continuum: Time; 7.4 Vernadsky’s Doctrine of the Abiogenesis of Life on Earth; 7.5 Venadsky’s Anti-vitalism; 7.6 Vernadsky’s Lasting Contribution to Biogeochemistry and Gaian Science; 7.7 Teilhard’s Concept of the Noosphere; 7.8 Vernadsky’s Concept of the Noosphere; 7.9 Scientific Knowledge as a Planetary Phenomenon; 7.10 The Biosphere Crosses the Atlantic; 7.11 The Advent of the Gaia Hypothesis; 7.12 The Biosphere and Gaia Ecologized; 7.13 Vernadsky’s Biosphere and Lovelock’s Gaia: Similarities and Differences; 7.14 Leopold’s Living Thing, Vernadsky’s Biosphere, and Lovelock’s Gaia; 7.15 Is the Gaia Hypothesis Necessarily Teleological and Anthropomorphic?; 7.16 Varieties of the Earth’s Soul or Consciousness; 7.17 Personal Speculations on the Earth’s Soul or Consciousness; 8. The Earth Ethic: A Critical Account of Its Biocentric Deontological Foundations; 8.1 Leopold’s Biocentric Earth Ethic and the Living Earth; 8.2 Gaian Ontology; 8.3 Gaian Norms; 8.4 Schweitzer’s Reverence-for-Life Ethic; 8.5 Schweitzer’s Reverence-for-Life Ethic Rooted in the Metaphysics of Schopenhauer; 8.6 Feinberg’s Conativism; 8.7 Feinberg’s Conativism as a Foundation for a Biocentric Earth Ethic?; 8.8 Goodpaster’s Biocentrism; 8.9 Goodpaster’s Holistic Biocentrism as a Foundation for a Biocentric Earth Ethic?; 8.10 Feinberg the Tie that Binds Schweitzer and Goodpaster; 8.11 Taylor’s Individualistic Biocentrism and Regan’s Case for Animal Rights; 8.12 Taylor’s Deontology and Teleological Centers of Life; 8.13 Taylor’s Biocentrism as a Foundation for a Leopold Earth Ethic?; 8.14 Rolston’s Biocentrism as a Foundation for a Leopold Earth Ethic?; 8.15 Goodpaster’s Biocentrism Provides the Best Theoretical Support for a Non-anthropocentric Earth Ethic; 9. The Earth Ethic: A Critical Account of Its Anthropocentric Foundations: The Natural Contract and Environmental Virtue Ethics; 9.1 No Need to Patronize Gaia with Biocentric Moral Considerability; 9.2 The Concept of Anthropocentrism Revisited; 9.3 War and Peace; 9.4 The Social Contract: The Ancient and Modern Theories; 9.5 Du Contrat Social au Contrat Naturel; 9.6 War or Peace?; 9.7 The French Connection: Larrere; 9.8 The French Connection: Latour; 9.9 The French-Canadian Connection: Dussault; 9.10 Virtue Ethics; 9.11 Aristotelian Virtue Ethics; 9.12 Environmental Virtue Ethics; 9.13 Holistic Virtue Ethics: Self-respecting Crafts; 9.14 Holistic Virtue Ethics: The Polis as a Social Whole; 9.15 Holistic Virtue Ethics: Nomos versus Phusis; 9.16 Holistic Virtue Ethics: Self-respecting Societies; 9.17 The Dialectic of Social-Contract Theory and Virtue Ethics; 10. The Earth Ethic: A Critical Account of Its Anthropocentric Foundations--The limits of Rational Individualism; 10.1 The Year was 1988 and Serres and Jamieson were the First Philosophical Responders; 10.2 Jamieson Frames the Theoretical Problem: The Legacy of Smith-and-Jones Ethical Theory; 10.3 Jamieson Suggests an Alternative Moral Philosophy-Virtue Ethics; 10.4 The Moral Ontology and Logic of Smith-and-Jones Ethical Thinking; 10.5 The Essence-and-Accident Moral Ontology of Rational Individualism; 10.6 Homo Economicus and Homo Ethicus-Two Sides of the Same Rational Coin; 10.7 Saving Rational Individualism: Moral Mathematics; 10.8 Saving Rational Individualism: Proximate Ethical Holism; 10.9 The Failure of Rational Individualism: Protracted Spatial Scale; 10.10 The Failure of Rational Individualism: Protracted Temporal Scale; 10.11 The Role of Theoretical Ineptitude in Gardiner’s Perfect Moral Storm; 11. The Earth Ethic: A Critical Account of Its Anthropocentric Foundations--Responsibility to Future Generations and for Global Human Civilization; 11.1 Moral Ontology: Relationally Defined and Constituted Moral Beings; 11.2 Moral Ontology: Ethical Holism; 11.3 Moral Psychology: The Moral Sentiments; 11.4 Responsibility to Immediate Posterity; 11.5 Responsibility to the Unknown Future Equals Responsibility for Global Human Civilization; 11.6 Summary and Conclusion; Appendix; Some Fundamentals of Conservation in the Southwest--by Aldo Leopold; Notes; Index

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