图书简介

Features of the Book; Preface; Brief Contents; List of Colour Plates; 1. Biotechnology-An Overview; 1.1 History of Biotechnology; 1.2 New Age of Biotechnology; 1.3 Different Aspects of Biotechnology; 1.3.1 Bioreactor; 1.3.2 Genetic Engineering; 1.3.3 Engineered DNA Molecules as Probe; 1.3.4 Genomics and Bioinformatics; 1.3.5 Protein Engineering; 1.3.6 Cell Culture; 1.3.7 Environmental Biotechnology; 1.3.8 Horizon of Biotechnology; 1.3.9 Bioethics and Biosafety; 1.3.10 Intellectual Property Rights and Patents; 1.4 Scope, Importance, and Commercial Potential; 1.5 Biotechnology in India; 1.5.1 Biotechnology Education; 1.5.2 Biotechnology Research; 1.6 Conclusion; 2. Cells and Organelles; 2.1 Viruses; 2.1.1 Characteristics; 2.1.2 Entry and Multiplication in Host Cells; 2.2 Beginning of Cell Biology; 2.3 The Cell Theory; 2.4 Cell Size and Shape; 2.5 Cell Types; 2.5.1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells; 2.6 Prokaryotes (Bacteria); 2.6.1 Cell Wall; 2.6.2 Capsules; 2.6.3 Flagella; 2.6.4 Pili; 2.6.5 Cytoplasmic Contents; 2.6.6 Types of Bacteria?26; 2.7 Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles; 2.7.1 Plasma Membrane; 2.7.2 Gap Junctions; 2.7.3 Plant Cell Wall; 2.7.4 Nucleus; 2.7.5 Chromatin Fibres; 2.7.6 Nucleolus; 2.7.7 Mitochondrion; 2.7.8 Endoplasmic Reticulum; 2.7.9 Golgi Complex; 2.7.10 Lysosome and Cellular Digestion; 2.7.11 Peroxisomes; 2.7.12 Glyoxysomes; 2.7.13 Vacuole; 2.7.14 Ribosomes; 2.7.15 Chloroplasts; 2.7.16 Cytoskeleton; 2.7.17 Centrosome; 3. Chromosome and DNA Replication; 3.1 Chromosome in Eukaryotic Cells; 3.1.1 DNA and Protein Association in Eukaryotic Chromosomes; 3.1.2 Nucleosomes-Building Units of Chromosomes; 3.1.3 Nucleosome Assembly after DNA Replication; 3.1.4 Compaction of DNA in Prokaryotic Chromosomes; 3.2 Entity of Genes; 3.2.1 Gene in Viruses, Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes; 3.2.2 Genome; 3.3 Centromeres and Telomeres in Eukaryotic Chromosomes; 3.4 DNA Replication; 3.4.1 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes; 3.4.2 Chromosome Duplication, Segregation, and the Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes; 3.4.3 Chronological Events in the Replication Process; 3.4.4 Directionality of DNA Synthesis; 3.4.5 End Replication Problem for Linear DNA Molecules in Eukaryotes; 3.4.6 DNA Polymerases; 3.5 Malignancy; 4. Biomolecules; 4.1 Fundamental Concepts of Biomolecules; 4.1.1 Carbon-The Backbone of Biomolecules; 4.1.2 Carbon Bonding-Determination of Specific Shapes and Dimensions of Organic Molecules (Biomolecules); 4.1.3 Three-dimensional Structure of Biomolecules; 4.1.4 Chemical Reactivity of Organic Molecules; 4.1.5 Monomeric Subunits-Constituents of Biological Macromolecules; 4.2 Carbohydrates; 4.2.1 Classes of Carbohydrates; 4.3 Proteins and Amino Acids; 4.3.1 Diverse Functions of Proteins; 4.3.2 Protein Molecules; 4.3.3 Amino Acids; 4.3.4 Peptides; 4.4 Lipids; 4.4.1 Fatty Acids; 4.4.2 Classification of Lipids; 4.4.3 Sterols (Derived Lipids); 4.5 Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides; 4.5.1 Types of Nucleic Acids; 4.5.2 Nucleotides; 4.5.3 Linear Polymer of DNA and RNA Formed through the Linkage of Phosphate Groups; 4.5.4 Characteristics of Nucleic Acids; 5. Fundamentals of Biochemical Engineering; 5.1 Concept of pH; 5.1.1 Effect of Temperature on pH; 5.1.2 Acids and Bases Alter the pH of Water; 5.1.3 Dissociation Constant; 5.1.4 Effects of Changes in pH on Enzyme and Cellular Activities; 5.1.5 Buffering to Maintain Constant pH in Biological Systems; 5.1.6 Buffer; 5.1.7 Henderson-Hasselbach Equation Relates pH, pK, and Buffer Concentration; 5.2 Physical Variables; 5.3 Units and Dimensions; 5.3.1 Unit; 5.3.2 Systems of Units; 5.3.3 Basis of Fundamental Units; 5.3.4 Metric Prefixes to Standard Units; 5.3.5 Symbols for SI Units; 5.4 Dimensions; 5.5 Measurement Conventions; 5.6 Stoichiometry; 5.6.1 Stoichiometry of Microbial Growth; 5.6.2 General Stoichiometric Representation; 5.7 Data and Calculations; 5.7.1 Errors in Data; 5.7.2 Types of Errors; 5.8 Statistical Analysis; 5.8.1 Data Analysis; 5.8.2 Collection of Data; 5.8.3 Measures of Central Tendency; 5.8.4 Measures of Dispersion; 5.8.5 Data Presentation; 5.8.6 Probability and Significance; 5.8.7 Use of Graph Paper with Logarithmic Coordinates for Plotting Data; 5.9 Components in a ?Bioprocess? (Process Flow Diagram); 5.10 Factors Considered in the Design of a Bioreactor; 5.11 Unit Operation; 5.11.1 Growth Kinetics in the Fermentation Process; 5.11.2 Effect of Temperature on Cell Growth; 5.11.3 Effect of Substrate Concentration on Cell Growth; 5.11.4 Design of Growth Media; 5.12 Bioreactors; 5.12.1 Stirred Tank Bioreactor Design; 5.12.2 Sterilization; 5.12.3 Inoculum; 5.13 Other Types of Bioreactors; 6. Genetic Engineering; 6.1 Mendel and the Two Laws of Genetics; 6.1.1 Experiment of Monohybrid Crosses-The Law of Dominance and Segregation; 6.1.2 Experiment of Dihybrid Crosses-The Law of Independent Assortment; 6.1.3 Post Script of Mendelism; 6.1.4 Mendelian Laws in Human Genetics; 6.2 Isolation and Purification of Cellular DNA; 6.2.1 Isolation and Purification of Total DNA from Bacterial Cells; 6.2.2 Isolation and Purification of Genomic (Nuclear) DNA from Eukaryotes; 6.2.3 Outline of Viral Nucleic Acid Precipitation; 6.3 Quantitation of Purified DNA; 6.3.1 Spectrophotometric Measurement; 6.3.2 Fluorescent Dye-based Method; 6.3.3 Gel Electrophoresis; 6.4 Isolation and Purification of RNA; 6.5 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Technology; 6.6 Restriction Endonucleases; 6.6.1 Discovery; 6.6.2 Characteristics; 6.6.3 Nomenclature; 6.6.4 Recognition Sites; 6.6.5 Types of Ends Generated after Cleavage with Type II Endonucleases; 6.6.6 Production of Recombinant DNA (rDNA) Molecules in Vitro; 6.7 Cloning Vectors for Amplification of rDNA Molecules; 6.7.1 Types of Vectors; 6.7.2 Synthesis of Complementary DNA (cDNA) for Cloning Vectors; 6.8 Construction of DNA Libraries; 6.8.1 Genomic Libraries; 6.8.2 cDNA Libraries; 6.9 Introduction of rDNA Vectors into Bacterial Cells; 6.9.1 Chemical Method-CaCl2 and Heat Shock Technique; 6.9.2 Physical Method-Transformation by Electroporation; 6.9.3 Phage-mediated Transfer of rDNA; 6.10 Selection of Transformed Cells Harbouring rDNA; 6.11 Screening DNA Libraries (Clones) for Genes of Interest; 6.11.1 DNA Sequence-based Screening; 6.11.2 Other Techniques Developed on the Basis of Hybridization with Radioactive Probe; 6.12 Polymerase Chain Reaction to Amplify Specific DNA Sequences In Vitro; 6.12.1 Applications of PCR; 6.12.2 Components of PCR Reaction; 6.12.3 Steps in PCR Reaction; 6.12.4 DNA Polymerase in PCR Reaction; 6.12.5 Variants of PCR; 6.12.6 Site-directed Mutagenesis; 6.13 Transgenic Organisms (Plants and Animals); 6.13.1 Transformation of Yeast Cells; 6.13.2 Transgenic Plants with the Help of Ti Plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens; 6.13.3 Examples of Transgenic Plants and their Utility; 6.13.4 P Element-based Transformation in Drosophila melanogaster; 6.13.5 Transfection of Plants and Animals with Viral Vectors; 6.13.6 Forced Introduction of DNA Sequences using Gene Gun; 6.13.7 Plant Transformation by Electroporation; 6.13.8 Laser Microbeam Irradiation and DNA Uptake; 6.13.9 Microinjection of DNA; 6.13.10 Other Techniques for Direct Gene Transfer in Plant Cells; 6.13.11 Overview of Genetic Transformation of Animals; 6.13.12 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) in an Enucleated Ovum; 6.14 Applications of Genetic Engineering; 6.14.1 Applications of Recombinant Microorganisms; 6.14.2 Applications of Transgenic Plant Technology; 6.14.3 Applications of Transgenic Animals; 7. Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics; 7.1 Genomics; 7.1.1 Three Types of Genomes in Eukaryotic Cells; 7.2 Genome Sequencing; 7.2.1 Development of Techniques for Sequencing DNA; 7.3 DNA Sequencing Techniques; 7.3.1 Maxam and Gilbert?s Technique (Chemical Degradation); 7.3.2 Sanger?s Chain Termination Method (Dideoxy Method); 7.3.3 Automatic Sequencing Machine; 7.3.4 Shotgun Sequencing; 7.3.5 Sequencing of Genome of; Various Organisms; 7.3.6 Gains from Genome Sequencing; 7.3.7 Gene Prediction and Counting; 7.3.8 Identifying the Functional Groups of Genes; 7.4 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs); 7.4.1 SNPs in Studying Ancestry and Evolution in Human Population and Disease Associations (HapMap Project); 7.4.2 Pharmacogenomics; 7.4.3 Detection of SNPs-Microarray Hybridization and ?Gene-chip? Technology; 7.5 Functional Genomics; 7.6 Comparative Genomics; 7.7 Proteomics; 7.7.1 Contributions of Proteomics; 7.8 Bioinformatics; 7.8.1 What is Bioinformatics?; 7.8.2 History of Bioinformatics-Establishment of Databases; 7.8.3 DNA Sequence Database; 7.8.4 FASTA and BLAST Programs for Rapid Database Searches; 7.9 Sequences and Nomenclature; 7.9.1 DNA Sequences; 7.9.2 Amino Acid Sequence of Proteins; 7.9.3 Types of Sequences in Nucleotide Sequence Databases; 7.10 Databases; 7.10.1 Utilization of Databases and Analysis Tools; 7.10.2 Types of BLAST Programs; 7.11 Bioinformatics Tools in the Detection of Genes and Function of a New Gene; 8. Enzyme Biotechnology; 8.1 Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes; 8.2 Non-traditional Enzymes; 8.2.1 Ribozymes; 8.2.2 Abzymes; 8.3 Mechanism of Enzyme Action; 8.4 Traditional Uses of Enzymes; 8.5 Multiple Uses of Enzymes; 8.5.1 Detergent Enzymes; 8.5.2 Enzymes for Processing Starch and Production of Fuel; 8.5.3 Improving Fermented Alcoholic Drinks; 8.5.4 Enzymes Used in Baking; 8.5.5 Fruit and Vegetable Processing; 8.5.6 Forest Product and Paper Industry; 8.5.7 Dairy Products; 8.5.8 Enzymes Used in Animal Feed; 8.6 Recent Expansion of the Enzyme Industry; 8.7 Enzyme Production; 8.7.1 Selection and Development of the Producer Strains of Microorganisms; 8.7.2 Large-scale Production of Enzymes; 8.8 Enzyme Purification; 8.9 Immobilization of Enzymes; 8.9.1 Methods of Enzyme Immobilization; 8.9.2 Advantages of Immobilization; 8.9.3 Applications of Immobilized Enzymes; 9. Protein Structure and Engineering; 9.1 Three-dimensional (3D) Structure of Proteins; 9.1.1 Peptide Bond, and phi (?) and psi (?) Angles of Rotation; 9.2 Structural Organization of a Polypeptide Chain; 9.2.1 Secondary Structure of Protein and the ?-Helix; 9.2.2 ?-Conformation-Polypeptide Chains Organized into a Sheet; 9.2.3 Structure-Function Relationship in Proteins; 9.3 Conjugated Proteins-Proteins Containing Chemical Groups Other Than Amino Acids; 9.4 Purification of Proteins; 9.4.1 Protein Source?; 9.4.2 Methods of Purification of Proteins; 9.5 Characterization of Proteins; 9.6 Protein-based Products; 9.6.1 Milk Products; 9.6.2 Enzymes Used in the Food Industry; 9.6.3 Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins; 9.7 Protein Engineering; 9.7.1 Some Examples of Protein Engineering; 9.7.2 Basic Consideration for Protein Engineering; 9.7.3 Methods of Protein Engineering; 9.8 Protein Design; 9.8.1 Computer Programs; 9.8.2 Design of Peptide and Protein Mimics; 9.8.3 Benefits of Protein Design; 9.9 Protein Engineering-Future; 10. Microbial Biotechnology; 10.1 Microbial Culture; 10.1.1 Requirements for Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen; 10.1.2 Nutritional Types of Microorganisms; 10.1.3 Culture Media; 10.2 Establishing a Pure Culture; 10.2.1 Cell Growth in Colonies; 10.2.2 Enrichment and Isolation of Pure Cultures; 10.2.3 Improvement of Strains for Biotechnology; 10.3 Microbial Growth; 10.3.1 Four Phases of Microbial Growth; 10.3.2 Measurement and Kinetics of Microbial Growth; 10.3.3 Quantitation of Microbial Growth; 10.4 Scale-up of Microbial Culture for Industrial Purpose; 10.4.1 Culture Medium for Mass Culture; 10.4.2 Alternate Methods of Mass Culture; 10.4.3 Industrial Microbial Products; 10.5 Strain Isolation and Improvement; 10.6 Bioethics in Microbial Technology; 11. Plant Biotechnology; 11.1 Development of Plant Tissue Culture; 11.2 Objectives of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture; 11.3 Tissue Culture; 11.3.1 General Aseptic Measures to be Followed; 11.3.2 Tissue Culture Laboratory; 11.3.3 Plant Tissue Culture Media; 11.3.4 Media Preparation; 11.3.5 Types of Culture Media; 11.4 Explant Preparation and Tissue Culture Initiation; 11.4.1 Collection of Explants; 11.4.2 Disinfection of Explants; 11.4.3 Transfer of Explants into the Growth Medium; 11.5 Plant Tissue Culture for In-vitro Micropropagation; 11.5.1 Morphogenesis and Organogenic Differentiation; 11.5.2 Subculture; 11.5.3 Stages of Micropropagation; 11.5.4 Hardening Off for Greenhouse or Field Transfer; 11.6 Regeneration of Plants using Various Plant Materials through Tissue Culture; 11.6.1 Seed Culture; 11.6.2 Embryo Culture; 11.6.3 Ovary and Ovule Culture; 11.6.4 Flower Bud Culture; 11.6.5 Meristem Culture; 11.7 Suspension Culture; 11.7.1 Types of Suspension Cultures; 11.7.2 Single Cell Culture (for Single Cell Clones); 11.8 Protoplast Culture; 11.8.1 Protoplast Fusion (Somatic Hybridization); 11.8.2 Protoplast Fusion Techniques; 11.9 Anther Culture; 11.9.1 Androgenesis; 11.9.2 Diploidization; 11.9.3 Applications of Anther Culture; 11.10 Pollen Culture; 11.11 Storage of Plant Materials; 11.11.1 Cryopreservation; 12. Animal Biotechnology; 12.1 Cell Culture; 12.2 Cell Culture and Cell Lines; 12.2.1 Primary Cultures; 12.2.2 Cell Lines; 12.2.3 Types of Tissue Culture; 12.2.4 Cell Dissociation; 12.2.5 Aseptic Measures for Cell Culture; 12.2.6 Laminar Flow Hood; 12.3 Cell Culture Techniques; 12.3.1 Culture Vessels; 12.3.2 Culture Media; 12.3.3 Sterilization; 12.3.4 Atmosphere and Gas Phase; 12.3.5 Serum-free Media; 12.3.6 Cell Density in Culture; 12.3.7 Contamination; 12.3.8 Eradication of Contamination; 12.4 Cell Synchronization; 12.4.1 Fractionation; 12.4.2 Metabolic Blockade; 12.5 Scale-up of Cell Culture for Biotechnology Industry; 12.5.1 Suspension Cell Culture; 12.5.2 Large Stirrer Culture Flask; 12.5.3 Biostat; 12.5.4 Air-lift Fermenter; 12.5.5 Rotating Chamber; 12.5.6 Hollow-fibre Perfusion Bioreactor; 12.5.7 Fluidized Bed Reactors for Suspension Cultures; 12.5.8 Bioreactor Process Control; 12.6 Monolayer Cell Culture (Scale-up); 12.6.1 Multisurface Propagator; 12.7 Microcarriers; 12.8 Perfused Monolayer Culture; 12.8.1 Hollow-fibre Perfusion; 12.8.2 Fixed-bed Reactor; 12.8.3 Fluidized-bed Reactor; 12.9 Applications of Cell Culture; 12.10 Cryopreservation of Cell Lines; 12.11 Raising Monoclonal Antibodies from a Culture of Hybridoma Cells; 12.12 Vaccines Raised from Cell Culture; 12.13 In-vitro Tissue Engineering; 12.13.1 Skin; 12.13.2 Cartilage and Bone; 12.13.3 Liver; 12.14 Clinical Uses of Stem Cell Culture; 13. Environmental Biotechnology; 13.1 Environment; 13.1.1 Components of Environment; 13.1.2 Interacting Subsystems; 13.2 Environmental Pollution; 13.2.1 Nature and Source of Pollutants; 13.2.2 Major Pollutants and Sources; 13.3 World Conventions on Environment; 13.4 Greenhouse Gases (mainly CO2) and Global Warming; 13.5 Kyoto Protocol (1997); 13.6 Remedy for Pollution and Role of Biotechnology; 13.6.1 Waste Treatment and Biotechnology; 13.6.2 Biofilters for Pollutant Gases; 13.6.3 Solid Waste Treatment; 13.6.4 Waste Water Treatment; 13.6.5 Processes of Waste Water Treatment; 13.6.6 Other Methods of Aeration; 13.6.7 Anaerobic Process in Waste Water Treatment; 13.6.8 Bioremediation of Contaminated Land and Water; 13.6.9 Heavy Metal Bioremediation; 13.6.10 Biohydrometallurgy; 13.6.11 Biomineralization; 14. Horizon of Biotechnology; 14.1 Agricultural Biotechnology; 14.1.1 Biofertilizer; 14.1.2 Biopesticides; 14.2 Biomass; 14.2.1 Single Cell Protein-As a Food Additive; 14.2.2 Algal Biomass; 14.2.3 Plant Biomass; 14.3 Aquatic Biotechnology; 14.3.1 Aquaculture; 14.3.2 New Developments in Aquatic Biotechnology; 14.3.3 Improving Strains for Aquaculture; 14.3.4 Antifreeze Protein Gene; 14.3.5 Reporter Gene-Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP); 14.3.6 Enhancing Safety for Aquaculture and its Products; 14.3.7 Cloning the Genomes of Marine Pathogens; 14.3.8 Polyploidy for Rapid Growth in Fish; 14.3.9 Aquatic Biotechnology-Medical Applications; 14.3.10 Other Utilities; 14.3.11 Aquatic Biotechnology for Certain Environmental Applications; 14.4 Biomimetic; 14.5 Biotransformation; 14.6 Biofuels; 14.6.1 Biogas; 14.7 Biosensors; 14.7.1 Ion-sensitive Field-effect Transistor (ISFET); 14.7.2 Thermal Sensors (Physical); 14.7.3 Enzyme Electrode; 14.7.4 Immobilized Cell Biosensor; 14.7.5 Immunosensors; 14.7.6 Optical Biosensors; 14.7.7 DNA Probes; 14.8 DNA Fingerprinting; 14.9 Monoclonal Antibody; 14.9.1 Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies; 14.10 Vaccines; 14.10.1 Live, Attenuated Bacterial and Viral Vaccines; 14.10.2 Killed Microorganisms as Vaccines; 14.10.3 Toxoid Vaccines; 14.10.4 Purified Antigen Vaccines; 14.10.5 Synthetic Peptides; 14.10.6 Recombinant Vector Vaccines; 14.10.7 Anti-idiotype Antibodies as Vaccines; 14.10.8 Edible Vaccines; 14.11 Stem Cell; 15. Bioethics and Biosafety; 15.1 Biotechnology and Ethics; 15.2 Biotechnology and Society; 15.3 Bioethics and Biosafety; 15.3.1 Biosafety in the Application of Biotechnology; 15.3.2 Introduction of Genetically Manipulated Organisms (GMOs); 15.3.3 Regulation of Introduction of GMOs and Biotechnological Products; 15.4 Introduction of GMOs in India; 15.5 Control over Human DNA; 16. Intellectual Property Rights and Biopatents; 16.1 History of Patent for Biotechnology Discoveries; 16.2 Protection of Intellectual Property Rights; 16.2.1 Patent; 16.2.2 Trade Secrets; 16.2.3 Copyright; 16.2.4 Trademarks; 16.2.5 Plant Breeder?s Rights (PBR); 16.3 Other Views about IPR; 16.4 Broad Patent Coverage in Biotechnology; 16.4.1 Farmer?s Rights; 16.5 International Organizations and Conventions for Patents; 16.6 Patenting Strategies; 16.7 International Patenting; 16.8 International Harmony for Patent Laws; 16.8.1 GATT, ?Uruguay Round? of Negotiations, and TRIPs; 16.8.2 WTO and ?Doha Round? of Negotiations; 16.9 Scenario of Patenting in India; 16.9.1 India in the Context of TRIPs; 16.10 Biodiversity in the Light of IPR; 16.10.1 Biodiversity Act, 2002; Appendix I- Lab Work; Appendix II- Fun Experiments; Glossary; Bibliography; Index

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